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epidemiologythe organism does not appear to be very host or tissue specific and can infect naturally a large number of avian and mammalian species
restriction enzyme analysis the restriction endonuclease analysis of viral dna fragments or dna fingerprinting discovered in 1970s has
polymerase chain reaction pcr the pcr technique enables the exponential amplification of nucleic acid sequences from any biological samples in the
etiologythe infectious agent of psittacosis - lymphogranuloma venerum trachoma group plvg is an obligate intracellular parasite and is classified as
chlamydiosisamongst various causes of morbidity and mortality chlamydiosis is recognized as one of the important infectious conditions and emerging
enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay elisa elisa in its var io us modifications eg plate elisa sandwich elisa competitive elisa elisa strip or
monoclonal antibodies hybridoma technology for production of monoclonal antibodies is one of the most important advancements in the field of
demonstration of immune responses and biomarkers this may be done either on the basis of sero-conversion study on paired sera samples or by challenge
isolation and identification of the etiological agent isolation of the etiological agent is attempted in chicken embryos cell cultures laboratory
demonstration of specific antigens the presence of the viral antigen in the infected tissues and cells can be demonstrated by fluorescent antibody
direct demonstration of the causative agent by electron microscopy emwhere facilities for electron microscopy are available and a viral disease is
procedures for diagnosisepidemiological data the epidemiological information with regard to the history symptoms morbidity mortality seasonality
infectious diseasesinfectious diseases inflicts major economic losses as the disease spreads from one animal to other and large number of animals are
eczemait is inflammatory reaction of epidermal cells to the substances to which these cells are sensitized such substances may be present either in
diseases of skindermatitisdermatitis is the inflammation of dermis and epidermis resulting in pain on palpation and erythemaetiology the disease is
urolithiasisthe presence of calculi urolith in the urinary system is termed as urolithiasis and the disease is characterized by distension of bladder
cystitisit is the inflammation of urinary bladder characterized by frequent painful urination and presence of blood and cells in urineetiology injury
shockit is defined as a generalized acute reduction in the perfusion of tissues by which there is oxygen deficiency in the cells it is characterized
edemait refers to excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces caused by disturbance in the fluid interchange between capillaries tissue spaces
anaemiait is defined as decrease in the amount of haemoglobin hb per unit of blood this may or may not be accompanied by a reduction in the red blood
congestive heart failure chfthe heart is unable to maintain circulatory equilibrium at rest and congestion of venous circuit takes place followed by
acute heart failurethe acute heart failure is characterized by sudden loss of consciousness and falling with or without convulsions the mucous
diseases of cardiovascular and haemopoietic systemcardiovascular system maintains circulation of blood for normal exchange of fluid electrolytes
pleuritisit is the acute or chronic inflammation of the pleural membranes it is characterized by pain during respiration pleural effusion and shallow
pneumoniait is inflammation of pulmonary parenchyma usually accompanied by inflammation of bronchioles and is characterized by cough increased