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randomized encouragement trial is the clinical trials in which the participants are encouraged to change their behaviour in a particular manner
randomized consent design is the design at first introduced to overcome some of the perceived ethical problems facing clinicians entering patients
randomization tests are the procedures for determining the statistical significance directly from the data with- out recourse to some particular
random allocation is a technique for creating the treatment and control groups particularly in accordance of the clinical trial subjects receive
raking adjustments is an alternative to the post stratification adjustments in the complex surveys which ensures that the adjusted weights of the
radical statistics group the national network of the social scientists in united kingdom committed to the critique of statistics as taken in use in
quota sample is the sample in which the units are not selected at the random but in terms of a particular number of units in each of a number of
quittingill effect is a problem which occurs most frequently in studies of the smoker cessation where smokers frequently quit smoking following
quasi-experiment is a term taken in use for studies which resemble experiments but are weak on some of the characteristics particularly that
quantile regression is an extension of the classical least squares from estimation of the conditional mean models to the estimation of the variety
quantalassay the experiment in which the groups of subjects are exposed to the different doses of generally a drug to which the particular number
quality control procedures is the statistical process designed to ensure that the precision and accuracy of for instance a laboratory test are
quality-adjusted survival analysis is a method for evaluating the effects of treatment on survival which allows the consideration of quality of
this is given by common network eg phone company the public networks are those networks which are given by common carriers it can be a telephone
protopathic bias is the type of bias also called as reverse-causality that is a consequence of differential misclassification of the exposure
protocol is the formal document outlining the proposed process for carrying out the clinical trial the basic features of the document are to study
prospective study the studies in which individuals are followed-up over the period of time a general example of this type of investigation is where
projection pursuit is a procedure for attaning a low-dimensional usually two-dimensional representation of the multivariate data which will be
procrustes analysis is a technique of comparing the alternative geometrical representations of a group of multivariate data or of the proximity
probit analysis is the technique most commonly employed in the bioassay specifically toxicological experiments where the group of animals is
probability weighting is the procedure of attaching weights equal to inverse of the probability of being selected to each respondents record in the
probability judgements human beings often require assessing the probability which some event will occur and accuracy of these probability judgements
probability distribution for the discrete random variable a mathematical formula which provides the probability of each value of variable see for
probabilistic matching is a method developed to maximize the accuracy of the linkage decisions based on the level of agreement and disagreement
prior distributions the probability distributions which summarize the information about a random variable or parameter known or supposed at a given