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classification based on mode of growth on the basis of mode of growth trees are classified as a exogeneous and b endogeneousa exogeneous trees these
classification of timberseveral bases are considered for the classification of timbers the following are the essential basismode of growthmodulus of
timbertimber refers to wood utilized for construction works actually the word timber is derived from an old english word timbrian that means to build
uses of cementcement is utilized widely for the construction of several structures some of them are listed belowi cement slurry is utilized for
magnetic susceptibility and ferromagnetic substancesmagnetic susceptibility the magnetic susceptibility c of a substance is defined as the
properties of ordinary portland cementi chemical properties portland cement consists chemical compounds are followinga tricalcium
types of cementin addition to ordinary portland cement there are various varieties of cement significant varieties are briefly explained belowi white
cementcement is a normally used binding material in the construction by burning a mixture of argillaceous clay and calcarious calcium material at
uses of limeuses of lime in civil works are following for making mortar for masonry works and plasteringfor white washingfor soil stabilizationto
tests on limestonespractical tests are made on lime stones to decide their suitability is following i physical tests
types of limes and their propertiesthe limes are classified in three categories as fat lime hydraulic lime and poor lime1 fat lime it is composed of
limeit is significant binding material utilized in building construction lime has been utilized as the material of construction from ancient time
uses of bricksin the following civil works bricks are useda in building blocksb for lining of ovens chimneys and furnacesc as aggregates in providing
classification of bricks based on their qualitythe bricks used in construction are classified as followingfirst class brickssecond class bricksthird
tests on bricksthe following laboratory tests can be conducted on the bricks to find their suitability1 crushing strength2
properties of bricksthe required properties of good bricks are followinga color color should be bright and uniformb shape bricks
common building stoneshere describe some commonly used stones are followinga granite b basalt and trapc slate
equilibrium in concurrent force system sol the steps for solving problems of equilibrium in concurrent force system are as follows1 first
uses of stonesstones are used in the following civil engineering constructions are describedi stone masonry which is used for the construction of
law of superpositionwhen the two forces are in equilibrium equal collinear and opposite their resultant is zero and their combined action on rigid
acid test this test is usually carried out on sand stones to examine the presence of calcium carbonate that weakens the weather resisting quality in
principle of equilibriumsol principle of equilibrium can be divided in to three main parts1 two force principle as the resultant is zero when body is
crushing strength test for conducting this test specimen of size 40 times 40 times 40 mm is build from parent stone then finely the sides are dressed
tests on stonesto ascertain the needed properties of stones described tests can be conducteda crushing strength testb water
requirements of good building stones here described requirements of good building stones strength the stone should be capable