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Second: s: The basic SI unit of time, stated as the period of time equivalent to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation analogous to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of
Schwarzschild radius: The radius ‘r’ of the event horizon for a Schwarzschild black hole of mass m is specified by (in geometrized units) r = 2 m. In its conventional units: r = 2 G m/c2
Schroedinger's cat (E. Schroedinger; 1935): A thought experiment designed to exemplify the counterintuitive and strange ideas of reality that come all along with the quantum mechanics. A cat is seale
Rydberg formula (Rydberg): The formula that explains all of the characteristics of hydrogen's spectrum, comprising the Balmer, Paschen, Lyman, Brackett, and Pfund sequence. For the transition between
Rydberg constant (Rydberg): The constant that governs the relationship of the spectral line features of an atom via the Rydberg formula. For hydrogen, it is around 1.097 x 107 m-1.
Roche limit: The position about a massive body where the tidal forces due to the gravity of the primary equivalent or exceed the surface gravity of a specified satellite. Within the Roche limit, such
Right-hand rule: The trick for right-handed coordinate systems to establish which way the cross product of two three-vectors will be directed. There are some forms of this rule, and it can be exerted
Relativity principle: The principle, utilized by Einstein's relativity theories, that the laws of physics are similar, at least qualitatively, in all frames. That is, there is no frame which is better
Refraction law: For a wave-front travelling via a boundary among two media, the first with a refractive index of n1, and the other with one of n2, the angle of incidence theta is associated to the ang
Reflection law: For a wave-front intersecting a reflecting surface, the angle of incidence is equivalent to the angle of reflection, in the similar plane stated by the ray of incidence and the normal.
Rayleigh criterion: resolving power: The criterion for determining how delicately a set of optics might be able to differentiate. This starts with the supposition that central ring of one image
Rayleigh-Jeans law: For a blackbody at the thermodynamic temperature T, the radiance R over a range of frequencies between the nu and nu + dnu is specified by: R = 2 pi nu2 k T/c2.
Radian: rad: The supplementary SI unit of the angular measure stated as the central angle of a circle whose subtended arc is equivalent to the radius of the circle.
Pseudoforce: The "force" that arises as an observer is plainly treating an accelerating frame as an inertial one.
Explain Poisson equation and Poisson spot: Poisson equation (S.D. Poisson): The differential form of Gauss' law, that is, div E = rho, Poisson spot (S.D. Poisson): Poisson initially predicted the e
Planck radiation law: The law which explained blackbody radiation better than its precursor, therefore resolving the ultraviolet catastrophe. This is based on the supposition that electromagnetic radi
Planck equation: The quantum mechanical equation associating to the energy of a photon E to its frequency nu: E = h nu.
Planck constant: h: The basic constant equivalent to the ratio of the energy of a quantum of energy to its frequency. This is the quantum of action. This has the value 6.626 196 x 10-34 J s.
Photoelectric effect: An effect described by A. Einstein that demonstrates that light seems to be made up of particles, or photons. The light can excite electrons (termed as photoelectrons in this con
Pfund series: The series that explains the emission spectrum of hydrogen whenever the electron is jumping to the fifth orbital. Each line is in the infrared part of the spectrum.
Permittivity of free space: electric constant; epsilon_0: The ratio of the electric displacement to the intensity of the electric field generating it in vacuum. It is equivalent to 8.854 x 10-12 F/m.
Permeability of free space: magnetic constant: mu_0: The ratio of the magnetic flux density in the substance to the external field strength for vacuum. It is equivalent to 4 pi x 10-7 H/m.
Peltier effect (J.C.A. Peltier; 1834): The modification in temperature produced at a junction among the two dissimilar metals or semiconductors whenever an electric current passes through the junction
Pauli Exclusion Principle (W. Pauli; 1925): No two similar fermions in a system, like electrons in an atom, can contain an identical set of the quantum numbers.
Paschen series: The series that explains the emission spectrum of hydrogen whenever the electron is jumping to the third orbital. Each and every line is in the infrared part of the spectrum.