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  Theory of Natural Selection

The Theory of Natural Selection:

During his phase of study Darwin has made numerous observations and collected facts. Through such facts he arrived at certain conclusions. These conclusions comprise Darwinism. Therefore Darwinism or the theory of Natural selection comprises the following elements.

1. Overproduction or Prodigality of nature:

All living organisms have an innate wish to reproduce and form their own progeny. In this effort they have the capability to multiply in a geometrical way. Such a huge reproductive potentiality can be examined in all species of organisms. For illustration a single female salmon fish can generate 28,000,000 eggs in a season. An ordinary oyster of the Atlantic coast might discharge as many as 80 million eggs in one season. At the time of breeding the ovaries of a cod fish might have 10 million eggs. When natural processes of reproduction are permitted without any check a single pair of English sparrows can generate 275 billion descendents in 10 years. The elephants are the slowest breeders. An elephant starts to breed at 30 years of age. It goes on breeding till it is 90 years old. A female elephant can give birth to 6 young ones during its life time. Under such conditions, a pair of male and female elephants can cause the production of 19 million elephants in 750 years. Therefore, the reproductive capability is an innate nature of living organisms.

2. Struggle for existence:

According to Darwin as the population rises in geometric ratio there is no equivalent raise in food production. This causes an intensive struggle for living. The struggle takes place for food, space for living and for coping with environmental circumstances. The struggle might be interspecific or intraspecific. In an intraspecific struggle there is a competition between the individuals of similar species. Such a struggle is severe since the requirements of the competing organisms are the same. Struggle might occur with environment too. Conditions such as heat, drought, cold, storms, floods and other natural changes can affect organisms resultant in struggle for existence.

3. The universal occurrence of variations:

The occurrence of disparities is a characteristic feature of all class of animals and plants. The variations might be anatomical, morphological, physiological or behavioral. (Though during Darwin’s time the real cause and nature of variations were not identified).

As an outcome of variations, no two animals would look similar. Even the progeny of the similar parents are not exactly similar in all respects. Even though variations are universal all such variations require not be important from an evolutionary point of view. Certain variations which get established in the population and acquire inherited continually are known as, heritable variations.

Such variations form the raw material for evolution.

4. Survival of the fittest:

As all living organisms face the struggle for existence, certain organisms possessing sufficient modifications are capable to escape and survive. Such modifications are due to the inherent variations. Therefore favorable variations make an animal or a plant to be successful in life. They endure as fittest organisms in an environment that gets modified frequently.

5. Natural Selection:

According to Darwin ‘the fittest’ forms which are permitted to survive are selected by ‘Natural Selection’ (i.e., an imaginativeconcept that comprises all real aspects of the natural environment which supports the life of organisms).

The forces of natural selection will support only those which have appropriate variations as adaptive features, to survive. Darwin designated them as ‘fittest’ forms. All other organisms containing non adaptive or deleterious modifications shall be prohibited. Natural selection will remove such organisms from the populations. The selected group of altered individuals will engage the next level in the evolutionary ladder.

Darwin strongly supposed that by using the natural selection notion, all evolutionary procedures in the living world can be elucidated. As an illustration he differed from the explanation given by Lamarck while elucidation the lengthening of neck in giraffe. According to Darwin the population of giraffes had individuals containing varying neck lengths. Those which had longer necks had more survival value, as they had more food and remained healthy. Steadily natural selection encouraged them to survive.

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