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  Natural Selection

Natural Selection:

In modern or synthetic theory of evolution natural selection is considered as a population associated genetic phenomenon. It leads to modifications in allele frequencies and favors or encourages adaptation as a product of the evolution.

Whenever the population size of plants or animals in particular locality rises certain environmental factors like availability of food might become restraining factors. Those organisms exhibiting characteristics which give them a competitive benefit might survive. Therefore population size and environmental restraining factor operate altogether to generate a selective pressure. The selection pressure might raise or reduce the spreading of an allele in a gene pool based on its adaptive value. This in turn will lead to an evolutionary change.

There are three types of selection procedures in operation. They are directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selections.

In stabilizing selection competition in nature is not cruel. The phenotypic features concur with normal environmental conditions. Though this selection might remove characters which are abnormal and harmful and it tends to sustain the phenotypic stability in population for successive generations.

The directional selection functions in response to steady changes in the environment. It operates in the phenotypic range available in the population. The selection steadily changes the phenotypic character towards a possible severe condition found appropriate for the changed environmental condition. This selection will raise the frequency of desirable phenotypic character in the population. Therefore it outcomes in gradual evolutionary change.

In disruptive selection the selection pressure might favor the existence of more than one phenotype in a population. It might even split a population into two sub-populations. When gene flow among such sub-populations is prevented a new species or sub specie might evolve. Whenever a disruptive selection generates more than one phenotype in a population the phenomenon is termed as polymorphism.

 

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