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  Mechanism of hearing

Mechanism of hearing:

Functions of External Ear:

Sound waves come into the external auditory meatus, pass all along the external eustachian canal and fall on the tympanic membrane (i.e., TM). This causes the TM to vibrate.

Functions of Middle Ear:

The middle ear is an air filled cavity in temporal bone that opens through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. The auditory tube opens throughout chewing, swallowing and yawning therefore keeping the pressures on both sides of the tympanic membrane equivalent.

The three auditory ossicles are localized in middle ear. Out of these, the malleus is joined to the TM, and the stapes to the membranous oval window on the medial wall. Incus articulates with such two bones. Therefore vibrations of the TM are transmitted to the oval window. Since the TM has an area of 90 mm2 and the foot plate of the stapes 3.2 mm2 and the lever system created by the ossicles multiplies the force 1.3 times.

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                                                                Figure: Internal structure of Ear

The vibrations of oval window produce pressure waves in the fluid filling the vestibular canal. The pressure waves pass the median canal and vibrate the basilar membrane. The tympanic canal is associated to a circular membrane termed as the round window just below to the oval window. This arrangement permits the pressure waves to transmit via the cochlear fluid.

Functions of Cochlea:

The internal ear (i.e., labyrinth) is made up of cochlea and the vestibule. The cochlear portion of the labyrinth is a tubule coiled 2.75 times. All through its length the cochlea is categorized into three compartments by the basilar and the Reissner’s membranes. The middle compartment (i.e., scala media) consists of endolymph and the other two (i.e., scala vestibuli & scala tympani) has perilymph.

 

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