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  Cloning

Cloning:

Cloning is an experimental method where, a group of genetically the same organisms is generated. Cloning of different animals was has become possible due to knowledge gained in the field of developmental biology and developmental genetics. It helped a lot, to recognize the genetic control over differentiation of cells and the development of multicellular organisms.

Differentiation:

In the progress of multicellular animals the zygote symbolizes the progenitor cell of future embryo. Multitudes of cells occur from mitotic divisions of the fertilized egg cell. Such cells later become dissimilar cell types varying in form and function. This procedure is termed as differentiation.

In the year 1950s two embryologists R.Briggs and T.King developed a method termed as nuclear transplantation. The nuclei from frog egg cells are taken out with a micropipette (i.e., enucleation) and substituted with nuclei taken from the cells of an embryo the similar animal. The recipient cells generated into normal tadpoles and frogs with all the various cell types. The investigators, with the above method generated a number of genetically similar individuals. Cells of early embryo that are capable of complete development and generating the entire organisms are said to be totipotent.

Though, experiments by J. Gurdon exposed those nuclei from older embryos and tadpoles whenever transplanted to the enucleated egg cells affected the developmental potential. The older the personality from which the nuclei were taken, less the recipient egg cell was capable to develop generally. His experiments also exposed that cells from various parts of the embryo varied in the degree of successful development achieved after nuclear transplantation. It is learnt that cells of embryos at an afterward phase of development switch over from totipotent state to pluripotent state. The later gives mount to development of specific tissues or organs.

 

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