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  Adrenal medulla

Adrenal medulla:

The medulla of adrenal gland varies both in morphology and physiology from the cortex segment. Both cortex and medulla are derived separately and from totally distinct tissues in the embryo. The adrenal medulla in adult humans and other mammals is invested intimately by the cortical tissue. The cells of the adrenal medulla are big ovoid and columnar in type and are grouped into clumps about the blood vessels. The hormones generated by adrenal medulla are:

1. Adrenalin or epinephrine and
2. Nor adrenalin or nor epinephrine.

The two hormones belong to an assembly termed as catecholamines. The different physiological and biochemical actions of adrenalin or epinephrine are shown below:

A. Adrenalin stimulates restriction of blood vessels supplying the intestine, viscera, kidneys, and skin and causes dilation of blood vessels providing skeletal and heart muscle.

B. It raises the rate, amplitude and frequency of heart beat.

C. It cause relaxation of the smooth muscles of the digestive tract and provides peristalsis to a halt.

D. It causes relaxation of the dilation of the pupil, bronchi, closure of sphincters and raises sweating.

E. It causes tightening of muscles related with hair follicles and makes the hair “stand on end” and cause goose flesh.

F. It accelerates respiration and stimulates the mental awareness.

G. It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, thus raising oxygen utilization and heat production.

H. Biochemically it discharges the free fatty acids and raises blood glucose level.

I. Adrenalin organizes an individual during emergency or stress conditions.

Therefore it is termed as fight, flight and fright hormone.

 

Action of nor adrenalin or nor epinephrine:

Nor adrenalin has some effects alike to that of adrenalin. For illustration, both the hormones dilate the coronary vessels. Though, nor epinephrine cause vaso constriction in most of the organs other than heart. It raises both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. It exerts a weakly inhibitory action on the contractile activity of smooth muscle in the gastro intestinal tract. Although, it does not relax the smooth musculature of the pulmonary bronchioles. Nor epinephrine exerts very small effect on carbohydrate metabolism and oxygen consumption.

 

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