Antigenic determinants and epitopes:
The portion of the antibody molecule that makes contact with the antigen is known as the paratope. Consequently, the portion of the antigen molecule which builds contact with the paratope is termed as the epitope. As most of the antigens are protein in nature, they exist in a folder, three dimensional, tertiary structures. Therefore there might be a cluster of amino acid series on the three dimensional structure having a series of epitopes. Each of such epitope clusters on the antigen is termed as an antigenic determinant.
Usually the substances that are capable of eliciting an immune response, which is, the synthesis of antibodies are termed as antigens. Though the above definition of antigens do not deduce the cell mediated response. Therefore the word immunogen is introduced to represent antigenic substances that elicit both humoral and cell mediated immune response or either humoral or cell mediated response.
Antigens might be either natural or artificial/synthetic ones. Natural antigens, fall into two groups namely, particulate antigens and soluble antigens. Viruses, bacteria, erythrocytes and cells symbolize particulate type antigens. Bacterial toxins, carbohydrates, proteins, glycol proteins and lipoproteins symbolize the soluble antigens.
Additionally, a variety of chemical compounds, biological macro-molecules, synthetic polypeptides are termed as potential antigens. Many polysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipoproteins are also considered as antigens. Newly antibodies to DNA have been utilized in immunization.
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