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  Types of Coupling

Types of Coupling as follows:

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1. No direct Coupling: No direct coupling refers to the  modules in which there is no  connection in between. So  modules are unrelated with  each other and  have no interconnections. Such  modules are called as  the independent modules. No direct  coupling  is shown in fig 5.17.

There is no direct coupling between the module 1 and  modules 2 and they perform their  functions independent  to each  other  are subordinates of module 3.

 

 

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2. Data coupling : Data coupling  exists when  data are  passed from  one  modules to another  module via argument list. So simple data  are passed and a one to one correspondence of items exists. As such  data coupling is simpler and does  not make much  errors. The low coupling is exhibited in fig 5.18,

In the  fig 5.18The data  coupling  exists between  module 1 and module 2 where some  data are passed as an arguments from module 1 to module 2 so module 1 requires  module 2 to be  performed.

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3. Stamp Coupling : Stamp coupling is a variation of the data  coupling. It is used when a  data structure is used to pass information from one coupling is shown in fig.5.19.

In fig 5.19,models 1 is sending some data structure as an argument to the module 2.

 

 

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4. Control Coupling: When one module passes parameters to control the activity  of  another  module. it  is said that there  is control coupling   between  the  two. In fig 5.20. control coupling  is shown   it occurs when  module 1 passes control data  to module 2 then  the module 2 will perform  its complete  function . so control  is passed via a flag  on which  decisions are made from  a super ordinate module  to a subordinate  module.

In this coupling it is impossible for the  controlled module to function without  direction from  the controlling  one. In a design with control coupling  there is an advantage  that each module perform  only one  function  or execute one process.

This restriction minimizes the amount of controlling  that must  be passed from one module to another  and  localized control to a fixed and recognizable set of parameters  forming well  defined  interface.

5. External Coupling: External  coupling  is the coupling in which high coupling occurs. Modules are tied to an environment  external to software. It  is essential  but should  be limited to small number of module with in a structure.

6.Common Coupling : In common coupling  to reduce the  amount of coupling data are accessible from a common data  store ( global data area)  however dependence still exists since making a change to the common  data  means tracking  back to all  modules that  access that  data to  evaluate the effect of that  change. This kind of dependence is  called common coupling.

With common coupling ,it can be difficult to determine which  component is responsible to  set variable to a particular value.

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7. Content Coupling :Content coupling  is the least desirable coupling. This coupling  occur when  one module makes use to  data or control information maintained  within the boundary of another module. that  is when  one module  actually  modifies another module. then the modified module is completely dependent on the modifying  one:

And this is called as the  content coupling.

Content coupling  might occur when one module modifies an internal data item in another module or when  one modules branches into  the middle of another  modules fig 5.22, shown  an example  of content  coupling.

As it can  be seen in the fig 5.22, module2 branches into  module4 even though module 4 is supposed to be under the control of module3.

We should strive to achieve low coupling. As such is an abstract  concept  that is not  easily quantifiable. So no formulas can  be given to determine the coupling  between two modules.

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