Introduction to System Elements
There are basically seven types of system elements. Where all equally important to the system. They are shown in figure below as the elements of the system .
1. Input
2. Output
3. Processor
4. Control and feedback
5. Environment
6. Boundary
7. Interface
Figure: A system with its elements
1. Input: An input is the element that enters in a systems to be processed by the processor an shown in figure above this input is given from the environment , which is processed by a series of steps in a linear and sequential manner. This element may be in the form of either some data, raw material human resources, finance or some output from the previous step. An example of input element is the electricity received from the state electricity board.
2. Output: A major objective of a system is to produce whatever is expected by the user. An output defined as . what is the result or product of the system ?
Output results as the outcome of processing . various examples of output element are:
In a c program , some data given as input ( numeric, character or and float ) to the program produces the output in some form.
Raw material of a car is processed to produce the product output as a car.
Graduate engineers of various of engineering colleges (process)
3. Processor: Processor performs the actual transformation of input into the output through a series of steps as shown in figure below, it is basically the operational component of the system.
Figure: Processor
Processor may modify the input . either totally or partially, and produces output. For an example, the central processing unit acts as the processor of the computer system.
4. Control and Feedback: It is the decision making element within the system. Its use is as shown in figure below.
Control element controls the input, processing and output of the system continuously in order to achieve the desired results. So output is fed op to the measurement control until and compared to the desired limits. Any deviation from those limits causes a message feedback to be sent to adjust either the processes or the inputs. Feedback may be positive or negative routine or informational.
To understand this concept consider an example of an organization , where the top management is the control element of the organization . the management may get positive or negative feedback about the performance of the organization from the internal and external sources and then change the input , process or both to meet the objective.
To categorize the control element, there are basically two control mechanisms, open and closed. In open control mechanism the unknown and unexpected changes are considered under the control of human resources, whereas in closed control mechanism the input or processing is controlled automatically without needing the help of any human resource or anything . later mechanism controls only the expected changes or modifications .
5. Environment: An environment is considered as the supra system which a system is operated. It determines the behaviour of the system how the system behaves in that environment . it is the source of external element that effects the system. An example of environment is the temperature of the atmosphere showing its affect on the computer system.
6. Boundary: All the elements of the system must define their boundaries . the system lies within its boundary and its external environment is outside its boundary, as shown in figure below.
So the boundary separates the whole system and its components by the external environment . to understand it clearly , consider the system analysis phase where the system analyst defines the boundary to suit the purposes of the particular study. Another example is a cloth manufacturing system, where the raw material comes from the environment and the finished products are produced within the boundary itself.
7. Interface: The Interaction and interconnectivity between the subsystems are called as the interfaces. Subsystems may be inputs and output of the system . for an example . a computer system has input devices like keyboard, mouse etc. And output devices like printer, output screen etc. Which can be connected together through wires ( interfaces.)
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