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  System Elements

Introduction to System Elements

There  are basically  seven  types of system elements. Where all equally important  to the system. They  are shown in figure below as the elements  of the system .

1. Input

2. Output

3. Processor

4. Control and  feedback

5. Environment

6. Boundary

7. Interface

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Figure: A system with its elements

1. Input: An input  is the  element  that  enters in a systems  to be processed by the processor  an shown in figure above this  input  is given from the  environment  , which  is processed  by a series of steps  in a linear and sequential manner. This element  may be in the form  of either some data, raw material human  resources, finance or some  output from the previous  step. An  example of input  element  is the  electricity received from  the state  electricity  board.  

2.  Output: A major objective  of a system  is to produce whatever is expected by the  user. An output   defined as . what is  the result or product of the system ?

 Output results as the outcome of processing . various examples of output  element  are:

In  a c program  , some  data given as input ( numeric, character or and float ) to  the program  produces the output in some  form.

Raw  material of a car is processed to produce the product output  as a car. 

Graduate  engineers  of various  of engineering colleges (process)

3. Processor: Processor performs the actual transformation of input into the output through a series of steps as shown in figure below, it is basically the operational component of the system.

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Figure: Processor

Processor may  modify  the input . either  totally  or partially, and produces  output.  For  an example, the central  processing  unit  acts as the  processor  of the  computer  system.

4. Control and Feedback: It is  the decision  making element  within the system. Its use  is as shown in figure below.

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Control  element controls the input, processing  and output of the system  continuously  in order to achieve the desired results. So output  is fed op to  the measurement control  until and compared to the desired limits. Any deviation  from  those  limits causes a message feedback to be sent to adjust either the  processes  or the inputs. Feedback may  be positive or negative  routine or informational.

To  understand this concept  consider an example of an organization , where the top management is the control  element  of the organization . the management   may  get  positive  or negative  feedback  about  the performance of the  organization from the  internal and external sources and then change  the  input , process or both  to meet  the  objective.

To categorize the control  element, there are basically two  control  mechanisms, open  and closed. In open  control  mechanism the  unknown and unexpected changes  are considered under  the control of human  resources, whereas in closed control  mechanism  the input  or processing  is controlled  automatically without needing the  help of any  human resource or anything . later mechanism controls only the expected changes or modifications .

5. Environment: An environment is considered as the  supra system which  a system is operated. It  determines the  behaviour of the system  how  the system behaves in that environment . it is the  source  of external element that effects  the system. An example  of environment is the  temperature  of the  atmosphere showing  its affect on the  computer system.  

6. Boundary: All the elements of the system  must  define  their  boundaries . the system  lies within its boundary and its  external  environment  is outside its boundary, as shown in figure below.

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So  the boundary  separates the  whole  system  and its  components by the  external environment . to  understand it clearly , consider the system  analysis  phase where the system  analyst defines  the boundary to suit  the purposes of the particular study.  Another  example is  a cloth manufacturing  system, where  the raw material  comes from the environment and the  finished  products  are produced  within  the boundary  itself.

7. Interface: The Interaction and interconnectivity between  the subsystems are called  as the interfaces. Subsystems  may be inputs and output of the system . for  an example . a computer system  has input devices like keyboard, mouse etc. And output devices  like  printer, output screen etc. Which  can be  connected together through  wires ( interfaces.)

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