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  Structured Programming

What is Structured Programming?

After having  such hot  discussions on three constructs set go to  statement  and various principle regarding  to the structured programming, now  the structured programming  can be well  defined and explained. In the light of these observations structured programming can be defined as:

Structured programming is the writing of code with go to statement  kept  to a minimum. Preferable only  when an error is detected and always in the forward direction

But as in the previous  discussions we have said  that the use of go to  statements should  be avoided so the above definition can be modified, and a classical definition  of structured programming  is given  as:

A product is  structured if the code  block are connected by sequence, selection and  iteration only every  block  has exactly one entry and  exit.

This definition looks  better than the previous  one. But  now a question arises: can  a program that is  written using  only the three structures claim to be well  structured ? the  answer is no it is possible to create a bad program  structure using  the three structures just as it is possible ( with greater difficulty ) to create a good  structure that  uses go to  statements. To  understand this concept we will discuss  a number of example.

Example 1. Consider a badly structured program  that has been written  using  many go to . if we now  transform this into  a program  that  uses the three structures we  still have a badly  structured  program  since we have some  nothing significant  to improve  it.

Example 2. Consider  a program to search a table  for a required  item.

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Two alternative solutions are there. First one is the structured one and the

second  one is the unstructured.  However it is quite possible that neither of these is  the best solution. 

Example 3. Consider  the program shown in fig 6.23, in which  the item being sought  is first  placed at  the end  of the table.

This is arguably the best  of the solutions it is less complex ( the  condition in  the while statement is simpler) and  would execute more quickly on a conventional computer ( for  the same reason that there is only one condition to test). This example  illustrates that  the use of  approved  structure  does not necessarily guarantee the best  design.

A structured  program is  essentially one that can be  understood  easily, and the most  useful tool in understanding is abstraction. Abstraction is concerned  with identifying the  major elements  of what is  being  studied, and ignoring detail. Such  is the complexity of  software that we have  to do this  in order to stand a chance of understanding it.

So now we can define   structured programming as:

The systematic  use of ( control and data ) abstraction in  programming:

Abstraction  can only be achieved if the control  flow constructs are used in a disciplined way   so that  a part of structured programming  is the avoidance of go to. For  example consider the program  in fig 6.24.

We can draw  boxes  around  components as shown. Because it is built from limited control structures, we can view the  program at all levels of detail as consisting of abstract  components  that have only one entry and one exit. If  we exam one any sub system of the  program. It  is totally contained the boxes do not over loop.  If we look in details at its contents, it  does  not suddenly sprout connections with other  subsystems. Suppose  that in  the above  program  we inserted a go to  shown in fig 6.25.

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Notice though that  throughout  our discussion  we have  concentrated almost  exclusively  on control structures and have  neglected references to data.  Although a program that  uses the three structures  may have abstraction of control it may  well have  global data.  This  seriously  weakens  the abstraction since at any level of detail., all  of the data have to be considered. So  control  and data  both abstraction  are important. There idea of abstraction  is a powerful tool in constructing  software  that  is understandable.

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