Polymorphism

Introduction to Polymorphism

Is the ability to take  more than one form. For example an operation may  behave differently indifferent instances. The behaviour depends on the types  of data used in the  operation. This is similar to a word having several different meanings depending on context.

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To illustrate this concept  consider an example of drawing a specific shape. It is shown  in fig above, in which  a shape  can be  drawn  in the form  of either a circle, a box or triangle.

To extend the example  shape consider the various  2D shapes defining the  class shape 2D as shown in fig below.

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This example has a four level  hierarchy with  generalizations. Various classes used are:

1. Elliptical  shape and polygon which inherit from  shape 2D.

2. Simple polygon and  arbitrary polygon which  inherit from polygon.

3. Circle and ellipse which inherit from elliptical shape.

4. Rectangle and regular polygon which inherit from simple polygon.

Shapes 2D is the  ultimate super class of the hierarchy. All its  operation and methods are inherited by each  of other subclasses. Shapes  2 Modify the shape. Following are the outcomes of its operations:

  • Rotate () tales number of degrees to rotate the shape. Shape is modified according to that .
  • Translate () takes x and y values an moves the shape in x and y directions.
  • Get centre () returns the value of the centre instance variable.
  • Get area () returns area
  • Get circumference () returns perimeter.

The class which inherit these operations  take  advantage  of properties unique to its  class. That means  that every  operation will perform a function which is specific to that  class only. For example  the rotate  function  perform rotation with the degrees specified for every  specified shapes. For  circle  it does absolutely nothing and returns  immediately.  

C programming  simulates polymorphism using void  pointers  and doing  a considerable  amount  of type  casting. While the simulation is possible  we cant  use a structure hidden within  a void pointer first  casting it to  be a pointer to a given  structure. So,

  • Polymorphism greatly reduces the effort required to extend an existing OO system.
  • Polymorphism has a concept called   overloading which lets same function but with different number or type  of arguments  to behave  differently when called for execution.

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