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  Virulence factors

Virulence factors:

Different factors contribute to bacterial pathogencity and to be associated to the possession of a multiplicity of products and activities termed to as virulence factors.

Toxins:

It was shown early (1888-90) that some pathogens, example, the diphtheria and tetanus bacilli, created extracellular toxic materials which reproduced the effects of the disease whenever injected into animals. Soon the number of these known exotoxins had risen greatly, and streptococci, staphylococci and clostridia were found to generate an array of proteins and enzymes which damaged experimental animals in a variety of manners. Later a number of exotoxins related with diarrhoeal diseases were discovered. Most of the pathogenic bacteria did not generate exotoxins though produced cell-bound toxic material, endotoxin, later revealed to be a lipopolysaccharide. This is now acknowledged as the main cause of death in a broad range of infections, giving mount to fever, activation of complement by the alternative pathway, intravascular clotting and the formation of cytokines. The leucocidal action of bacterial exotoxins was explained in staphylococci and subsequently shown to be caused by at least three of the exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Leucocidins were later explained in numerous other pathogens.

 

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