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  Phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus cycle:

Phosphorus is merely second to nitrogen as a mineral nutrient needed for plants, animals and micro-organisms. It is a main constituent of nucleic acids and in all living systems, it is necessary for the accumulation and liberation of energy. This element is usually added to the soil as a chemical fertilizer or in the form of organic phosphates represent in plant residues.

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                                                                              Figure: Phosphorus cycle

Microorganisms play a key in role to bring around a number of transformations of this element. These comprise:

(1) Modifying its solubility,
(2) Mineralization of organic phosphate to inorganic phosphate, 
(3) Oxidation and reduction of phosphorus compounds. Out of these mobilization and immobilization are the most significant.

The phosphate need of plant is met by the uptake of phosphate ions that are then employed for the synthesis of organic phosphates within the cell. By this, a fraction of the phosphate acquires immobilized. Upon the death of the plants, the organic phosphate is quickly liberated by enzymatic hydrolysis.  In many instances, phosphate becomes limiting factor for plant growth, as much of it in the soil is bound as insoluble calcium, iron or aluminum phosphates.

The accessibility of phosphates so depends on the degree of solubilization of insoluble phosphates by different organic and inorganic acids generated by micro-organisms. Numerous soil microorganisms, particularly fungi are known to generate substantial amounts of such acids and thus solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it obtainable to the plants. Significant micro-organisms active in solubilization of inorganic phosphates comprise both bacteria and fungi like species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. The enzyme phosphatase plays key in role in the solubilization of organic phosphates.

 

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