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  Action of enzyme

The action of enzyme:

A substance act upon by an enzyme is termed as substrate. Substrate can be a food substance consisting of starch, protein and so on as in the case of animals that eat food and digest it. In microorganisms, plant & animal debris having complexity of materials are the food subtrates.  The substrate is acted upon by enzymes and gets converted or degraded to its components. For illustration starch is tainted by amylase, proteins by proteases and lipids by lipases.  Proteins subsequent to enzyme action outcomes in amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. The cell employs the amino acids for its own cellular material synthesis. Enzymes are particular to substrates. The enzyme lipase proceeds on lipids only and not on protein. Likewise proteases act on proteins only and not on starch or lipid. Hence a host of enzymes take place in a cell to execute different functions. Over 1000 various enzymes are known nowadays and more and more will be discovered in the future. Most enzyme names end in ase (example, protease, amylase, lipase) except enzymes such as rennin and pepsin. Based on the function or catalytic reactions enzymes are widely classified as Hydrolases (i.e., hydrolysis reaction) transferases (i.e., transfer functional groups), Oxidoreductases (i.e., electron tranger reactions) as so forth.

The action of an enzyme on a substrate is particular and both the enzyme (E) and the substrate (S) join together to form an Enzyme Substrate (ES) complex. The enzyme substrate complex splits up after the reaction making the product (P) and enzyme (E). The substrate is splitted down by the enzyme substrate complex that breaks up after the reaction forming the product (P) and enzyme (E). The substrate is broken down by the enzymes into its products though the enzyme is not lost or employed up in the reaction and reacts with the other substrate molecule. This will be of interest to note the specificity of enzymes as many enzymes and substrates might be present altogether. The substrate has a chemical affinity to some regions of the enzyme surface that are termed as “active sites”. The substrate joins to the active sites and gets modified according to the enzyme.

866_enzymatic substrate.jpg


  

Figure: Enzyme substrate reaction (i.e., a model )

Here,
E = Enzyme,   
S = Substrate,
ES = Enzyme substrate complex  
P = Products.

 

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