The time student search for the best Biology of Lower Animals Assignment Help service online over the internet, TutorsGlobe name is sure to crop up. We are truly genuine and leave no stone unturned maintain our position as a highly trusted and reliable online service provider in the entire industry.
System of Classification:
Aristotle was the first to try logical system of classification. He separated all living organisms in two broad kingdoms, that is, plantae and Animalia. Kingdom plantae have mostly immobile forms, while kingdom Animalia has mobile forms.
Kingdom Animalia:
This kingdom can be divided into two sub-kingdoms namely;
1) Sub Kingdom protozoa:
This sub - kingdom has only one phylum - protozoa
2) Metazoan (acellular) (multicellular):
This sub - kingdom has many phyla.
i) Porifera or sponges
ii) Coelenterata - e.g. hydra, obelia
iii) Platyhelminthes - flatworms e.g. planaria, fasciola and taenia.
iv) Nematoda - rounding e.g. Ascaris, hook-worm
v) Annelida - e.g. Lumbricus, nereis, leech
vi) Arthropoda - insects, flies, spider, centipedes
vii) Mollusa - e.g. starfish
viii) Chordata - Amphioxus, fish, rats, man etc.
Phylum protozoans:
General characteristics of protozoans:
1) Protozoan is eukaryotic acellular organisms in which body is not divided in cells or tissues.
2) Great majority of protozoans are microscopic they range in size from one micron (1m) as in case of planktonic micromonas to few millimeters such as some Amoeba species and cilliates.
3) Most protozoans happen as solitary individuals but there are several colonial forms like volvox.
4) Protozoans are found wherever life exists and is fluid medium or moist medium.
5) Reproduction is universally asexual by mitotic division by budding, fission and cyst formation. Sexual reproduction by conjugation or zygote formation (syngamy) is found in few species.
6) Different means of locomotion, using pseudopodia, flagella and cilia and direct movement have evolved in the group.
Sub - phylum:
Classes:
Phylum protozoa is separated in four classes
1) Rhizopoda or sarcodina (Amoeba group):
There are 4 groups of amoeboid protozoans: amoebae, foraminiferans, helizoans and radiolarians. For these amoebae and foraminiferans belong to superclass Rhizopoda whereas radolarians and helizoans belong to superclass actinopoda, as they have axopods. Reproduction is by asexual method only and it is by binary transverse fission. Multiple fission may take place during encystment stage.
i) Amoebae:
It may be naked or enclosed in tests or shells. Marine, freshwater and parasitic naked amoebae have large usually tubular lobopodia or fine straplike filipodia which are used for locomotion and feeding. Shelled amoebae are found in sea, freshwater and soil. They are enclosed by shell composed of secreted organic material or foreign mineral matter cemented together. Large aperture in shell allows protusion of lobopodia or filipodia.
ii) Foraminiferans:
They are largely benthic marine species. They contain multichambered calcareous tests or shells having many pores, therefore name foraminifera or pore bearer. Single large opening permits cytoplasm to protrude out.
iii) Radiolarins:
They are completely marine planktonic species with spherical bodies and radiating pseudopodia called as axopods. Spherical body is separated in inner and outer parts. Inner regions have one to many nuclei and are surrounded by the central capsule with membranous wall. This is distinguishing characteristic of radiolarians. Capsule membrane is perforated with openings continuous with cytoplasm is known as calymma. Their skeleton is created by silicon dioxide or strontium sulphate organized in form of lattice spheres or radiating spines.
iv) Heliozoans:
They are spherical protozoans which occur in sea or in still bodies of fresh water. They are primarily situated in bottom debris. Fine needle - life pseudopodia radiate from surface of body. These are called as axopodia. Each axopod has central axial rod covered by the moving cytoplasm. Body of heliozoans comprises of outer vacuolated ectoplasmic cortex and inner dense medulla. The medulla contains a dense cytoplasm, one to several nuclei and bases of axial rods.
2) Mastigophora (or flagelleta):
1. These are protozoans which move by means of one or more flagella that are whip - like protoplasmic projection.
2. Reproduction is asexual by longitudinal binary fission as in euglena or multiple fission as in trypanosoma. In sexual reproduction isogametes are generated.
3. They are usually separated into two groups on the basis of nutrition:
a) Phytoflagellates are autotrophs:
That possesses chlorophyll or other related pigments and stock up food as fats, oils and starches (other than glycogen). They are free - living and assigned frequently to algal phyla. Instances are gonium, Euglena, volvox, chlamydomonas, pandorina, peranema, dinoflagellates.
b) Zooflagellates:
Are heterotrophs which are free-living, commensals or symbiotic or parasitic in other animals. A number of species like Trichonympha and myxotricha live within gut of termites and digest cellulose digest for themselves. Anterior end of these large, complex flagellates (at times over 30mm long) is covered with the elaborate pellicle and hundreds of flagella, but posterior end extends pseudopods and ingests bits of wood.
The flagellate is able to generate cellulose digesting enzymes, but insect host can't; and thus, depends on carbohydrates released by symbionts. Every time insect molts, it loses lining of hindgut and all its symbionts. If it is not capable to obtain new ones, it will starve to death, although it continues to feed normally, for it cannot digest the wood. Lashing movements allow flagellate to swim about, and its own flagella help in steering. Cells are not firm, therefore they can bend easily.
3) Ciliophora (the ciliates):
Ciliates are the largest and most homogenous groups of protozoans with more than 7200 species found in fresh and marine waters, and water film of soil. Approximately a third of ciliates are ecto - or endoparasites or commensals. Classic example of this group is flipper - shaped paramecium; other familiar examples are Didinium, vorticella, Balantidim, stentor.
All ciliates have cilia as their locomotive organelles; these are short, hair -like protoplasmic projections that are utilized for producing a extremely rapid movement.
Body is firm, being surrounded in firm but flexible outer covering known as pellicle.
Cytoplasm has clear distinction in to ectoplasm and endoplasm, but unlike members of Rhizopoda, there is a high degree of separation of body in definite organelles. Generally there are two kinds of nuclei:
i) A large meganucleus for vegetatives activity and
ii) A small micronucleus concerned with reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is through transverse binary fission. There is also sexual reproduction known as conjugation.
4) Sporozoa:
There are approx 4000 species of protozoa which have spore - forming stages in their life cycles. They are all parasitic animals. They do not have locomotive organelles (no pseudopodia, flagella nor cilia). Reproduction is through uninucleate bodies known as spores. Reproduction by asexual method is through multiple fission and sexual reproduction is by conjugation. Sporozoans are haploid except for zygote. Zygote feels meiosis which results in the infective spore - like stage sporozoite which, through multiple fission produces more sporozoites. They invade host and become feeding trophozoites. In some sporozoans trophozoites, by multiple fission called as schizogony produces merozoites. Each merozoite suffers multiple fission to generate more merozoites which ultimately undergoes gamogony or multiple fissions to create gametes which fuse to form zygote.
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online biology tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
Why Biology students prefer TutorsGlobe for online Biology of Lower Animals Assignment Help service?
We, beneath our Assignment Help service ensure that we can help students with almost all the Biology topics. Some of them are:
tutorsglobe.com breeding for disease resistance assignment help-homework help by online breeding experiments tutors
Amplifiers and its classification tutorial all along with the key concepts of Amplifier Gain, Efficiency, Class AB, Series-Fed Class A Amplifier, DC Bias Operation, AC Operation, Power Considerations, Using peak signals
TutorsGlobe.com Electrolysis and Redox Reactions Assignment Help-Homework Help by Online Access Chemistry Tutors
Generalized Coordinates and Constraints tutorial all along with the key concepts of Degrees of Freedom, Holonomic Constraints, Non-holonomic Constraints, Non-integrable or history-dependent constraints, Generalized coordinates, Dot Cancellation, Generalized Force
tutorsglobe.com floral symmetry assignment help-homework help by online description of a flower tutors
Financial Accounting aims at carrying out the results of an accounting year in terms of profits or losses and assets and liabilities.
Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions tutorial all along with the key concepts of Photochemical reaction, tunicate, Consequences of photo excitation, Pauli Exclusion Principle
impregnating varnish, finishing or coating varnish, core plate varnish, binder varnish, insulating varnish coating’s properties after curing, applying varnishes
Fixed Action Pattern-Motivation and Drives tutorial all along with the key concepts of Examples of fixed action pattern, Significance of FAP, Exploitation, Introduction to Motivation, Theories on Motivation, Motivation and Emotion
tutorsglobe.com fertilization assignment help-homework help by online reproduction tutors
Avail the topmost Solid State Physics-II Assignment Help at feasible prices with 24/7 support for securing high grades.
Osmoregulation in Animals tutorial all along with the key concepts of Need for Osmoregulation in Animals, Principle of Osmosis, Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators, Osmoregulation work in Animals, How Osmoregulation achieved in Vertebrates
www.tutorsglobe.com offers Depreciation of Plant and Machinery homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by accounting tutors.
theory and lecture notes of transistor parameters all along with the key concepts of ebers-moll equations, forward transfer ratio, forward current gain, reverse transfer ratio and current gain, minority carrier lifetime and forward transit time. tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on transistor parameters.
Arthropods tutorial all along with the key concepts of Features of Arthropoda, Categorization of Arthropods, Insecta, Habitat and Habit of Cockroach, characteristics of Arachnid-Spider, Adaptive characteristics of Arthropods
1940969
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1486843
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!