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  Urea Cycle

Urea Cycle:

Living organisms excrete the excess nitrogen resultant from the metabolic failure of amino acids in one of 3 ways. Several aquatic animals just excrete ammonia. In which water is less, plentiful processes have developed that change ammonia to less toxic waste products that need less water for excretion. One such type of product is urea that is excreted through most terrestrial vertebrates; other is uric acid that is excreted via birds and terrestrial reptiles.

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Therefore, living organisms are categorized as being urotelic or urea excreting, either ammonotelic or ammonia excreting, and uricotelic or uric acid excreting. A number of animals can shift from ammonotelism to urotelism/uricotelism if their water supply becomes limited.

In the liver Urea is synthesised via the enzymes of the urea cycle. After that it is secreted into the blood stream and sequestered through the kidneys for excretion in the urine.

The urea cycle reactions were clarified by Kurt Henseleit and Hans Krebs. This cycle begins along with the amino acid ornithine. The cycle is limited just only to the mitochondria and cytoplasm of the cells of liver and it is discovered that the enzyme, arginase that is needed in the final step of urea creation is exist only in the liver and missing in all the other tissues.

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                                                                       Diagram: Urea Cycle

Urea cycle takes place partly in the mitochondria and partially in the cytosol along with ornithine and citrulline being transported beyond the mitochondrial membrane through particular membrane systems.

 

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