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  Reactions of glycolytic pathway

Reactions of glycolytic pathway:

Chain of reactions of glycolytic pathway that degrades glucose to pyruvate is presented below. The sequence of reactions taking place in glycolysis may be referred below four stages.

Stage I:

Stage I is a preparatory phase. Earlier than the glucose molecule can be break down, the rather asymmetric glucose molecule is transformed to approximately symmetrical form, fructose 1,6-diphosphate through donation of 2 phosphate groups from ATP.

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                                                                Diagram: The glycolytic pathway


(A) Uptake of glucose by cells and its phosphorylation:

Glucose is independently permeable to intestinal mucosa, liver cells, and kidney tubules in which glucose is taken up through the 'active' transport. In another tissue insulin makes easy the uptake of glucose. Glucose is phosphorylated to create glucose 6-phosphate. The enzyme included within this reaction is glucokinase. This reaction is cannot be change.

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(B) Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate:

Glucose 6-phosphate is transformed to fructose 6-phosphate through the enzyme phosphogluco isomerase.

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(C) Conversion  of  fructose  6-phosphate  to  fructose 1,6 diphosphate:

Fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylated irretrievably at 1 position catalyzed via the enzyme phosphofructokinase to generate fructose 1, 6-diphosphate.

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Stage II:

(A) Actual splitting of fructose 1, 6 diphosphate:

Fructose 1, 6 diphosphate is break down via the enzyme aldolase in two molecules of triose phosphates that are:

  • An aldotriose-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and
  • One ketotriose - dihydroxy acetone phosphate.

The reaction is reversible. There is neither expenditure of energy nor creation of ATP.

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(B) Interconvertion of triose phosphates:

Both of the triose phosphates are interconvertible

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Stage III:

Stage III is the energy yielding stage. Reactions of this kind where an aldehyde group is oxidised to an acid are accompanied through liberation of large amounts of potentially helpful energy.

(A) Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate Glycolysis carries on via the oxidation of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate to create 1, 3 bisphosphoglycerate. The reaction is catalyzed via the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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 (B) Conversion of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate:
The reaction is catalyzed via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. The extreme energy phosphate bond at position - 1 is transferred to ADP (Adenosine Di-phosphate) to form ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) molecule.

 

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Stage IV:

Stage IV is the recovery of the phosphate group from 3-phosphoglycerate. The 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, the end-product of the preceding stage, yet keeps the phosphate group, initially imitative from ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) in Stage I.

(A) Conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate:

3-phosphoglycerate created via the above reaction is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate, catalyzed via the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.

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(B) Conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate:

The reaction is catalyzed via the enzyme enolase, the enzyme needs the existence of either Mg2+ or Mn2+ ions for activity.

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(C) Conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate:

Phosphoenol pyruvate is transformed to pyruvate, the reaction is catalysed via the enzyme pyruvate kinase. The phosphoenol pyruvate’s high energy phosphate group is directly transferred to ADP (Adenosine Di-phosphate), producing ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate). The reaction is cannot be reversible.

 

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