Neoplasm

Neoplasm:

Cancer is the second most general reason of death in the world after cardiovascular diseases. Human being of all ages develops cancer and broad varieties of organs are affected.

Cancer cells are characterized via 3 properties that are:

1) Diminished/unrestrained control of growth and cell division;
2) Invasion of local tissue;
3) Spread or metastasis to other parts of the body.

Cell division and Cell growth and are regulated through finely tuned control mechanisms. While these processes lose their control, a cell starts to grow uncontrollably. The result is the creation of a mass of cells called a tumour. The complete processes are known as neoplasm.

The main event in neoplasm takes place to be the alteration in DNA. Most of the tumours are restricted without spread and thus with no risk to the host, they are called benign tumours. Occasionally they begins interfering with normal tissues and secreting excessive amount of a number of hormones or another biologically active substances. These substances are knwon as tumour markers.

Alterations in the levels of tumour markers in serum are helpful in detecting tumours and cancers. Increase in Ca++ level is observed in several myeloma and bone cancer. Alkaline phosphatase’s elevated levels of are seen in malignancy of bone, liver and carcinoma of bronchus.

Tumours turn into life threatening, while their cells in place of being localized spread by the body. They turn into malignant and then cancer. These cells can extend and invade surrounding tissues or can travel by the blood stream. Development of secondary areas of growth away from the growth’s original site is known as metastases. Alterations in growth properties of cells and their consequent capability to form malignant tumours are collectively considered to as transformation.

Cancers are categorized as per to the tissue and cell type from which they create. Those taking place from epithelial cells are known as carcinomas. Those taking place from connective tissue or muscle cells are known as sarcomas. Cancers which do not fit into either of these broad categories involve leukemias, lymphomas and cancer of the cells of central nervous system. Approximately 90% of human cancers are carcinomas.

 

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