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  Causes of cancer

Causes of cancer:

Agents that causing cancer fall into 3 groups:

a) Radiant energy:

Ultraviolet rays (UV rays), X-rays and -rays are mutagenic and carcinogenic. These rays injure DNA that is presumed to be the fundamental mechanism of carcinogenicity.

Separate from direct influences on DNA, X-rays and gamma rays cause free radicals to create in tissues that may work as carcinogens.

b) Chemical compounds:

A broad variety of organic and inorganic molecules might be carcinogenic.

Instances of organic carcinogens are as follow:

1. Dimethyl- benzanthracene,
2. Benzopyrene,
3. Dimethylnitrosamine and
4. AflatoxinB

Instances of inorganic carcinogens are as follow:

1. Arsenic
2. Asbestos
3. Beryllium
4. Cadmium
5. Chromium.

Only some carcinogens interact with DNA directly with no further metabolism. These carcinogens are known as direct carcinogens. But several of the carcinogens require prior metabolic activation and the activated ultimate carcinogen can interact with DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). The ultimate carcinogens are usually electrophiles which readily attack nucleophilic groups in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA and proteins.

c) Viruses:

Viruses which consist of either DNA or RNA as their genome that induce cancer are known as oncogenic viruses. For instance Epstein-Barr virus originates Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Herpes simplex virus originates cancer in the cervix in humans being.

Biochemical changes that found in tumour cells:

The changes that are found in tumour cells are as follow:

  • Increased synthesis of RNA and DNA.
  • Decreased catabolism of pyrimidines
  • Increased rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.


A number of changes which have been detected at the surface of malignant cells are change in transport properties, diminished adhesion, permeability, changes of glycolipid constituents, surface charge, and appearance of new antigens, and changes of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins.

 

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