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  Absorption of carbohydrates

Absorption of carbohydrates:

Just only monosaccharides can be absorbed through the intestinal mucosa. Some disaccharides can be pinocytosed and hydrolyzed to monosaccharides through disaccharidases. The rate of absorption of the monosaccharides is in the subsequent order:

Galactose > Glucose > Fructose > Mannose > Xylose > Arabinose

Mechanism of absorption:

1. Simple Diffusion:

Firstly, while the concentration of glucose in the intestinal lumen is high, through simple diffusion it crosses the membrane.

2. Active Transport:

To get faster the absorption process, active transport mechanisms are included. Absorption of glucose is a secondary active transport mechanism that involves ATP hydrolysis indirectly.

The steps included in the transport of glucose are:

(i) One molecule of glucose and Na+ binds to the transporter.

(ii) Binding of sodium and glucose makes a conformational change in the transporter.

786_glucose absorption.jpg

 

                                                           Diagram: Model of glucose absorption

(iii) The conformational change directs to the delivery of sodium and glucose molecules to the intestinal cells.

(iv) Sodium is pumped out of the cell resultant in the net absorption of glucose molecule alone. Step (iv) requires energy that is derived by ATP hydrolysis.

Factors affecting rate of absorption:

1. If the intestinal mucosa is damaged, absorption rate is gets reduced.

2. Hormones such as adrenal cortex hormones, thyroid hormone, and pituitary hormones improve the absorption of carbohydrates.

3. Insulin has no influence in the absorption of glucose.

4. Pyrimidine and pantothenic acid deficiencies reduce the absorption.

5. Inherited enzyme deficiency states such as lactose intolerance decreases the absorption.

 

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