Negative Interactions:
These comprise the relations, in which one or both the species are injured in any way during their life period. Some (Clarke, 1954) favor to call such kinds of associations as ‘antagonism’. These negative interactions are usually categorized into three wide categories, as exploitation, antibiosis and competition that are illustrated below:
Exploitation:
In this, one species harms the other by making its direct or indirect utilization for support shelter, or food. Therefore exploitation might be in respect of shelter or food.
1. Shelter:
The so-called ‘parasitic birds’ as cuckoo and cowbird never make their own nests and female lays eggs in the nest set up by birds of another generally smaller species.
2. Food:
The different relationships in respect of food might belong to:
a) Parasitism:
A parasite is an organism living on or in the body of the other organism and deriving its food more or less enduringly from its tissues.
There are certain parasitic vascular plants. Species of Cuscuta (net stem parasites) grow on another plant on which they depend for nourishment. The young stem twines about the host stem from which adventitious roots build up that lastly penetrate the stem of the host, establishing relationship with its conducting elements. The specialized roots are termed as haustoria.
The other illustrations of such association are total root parasites as Orabanche, and Epifagus (i.e., Orobanchaceae) that are found on roots of higher plants. Rafflesia is found on the roots of Vitis. Members of the family Loranthaceae (i.e., Viscum album, Loranthus sp) are partial stem parasites. They grow up rooted in branches of the host trees. Others such as Santalum album are partial root parasite. Their roots are joined to host plants. The majority of parasites are microorganisms, of which mycoplasmas, fungi, bacteria, rickettsias and viruses parasitise plants and also animals.b) Carnivorous Plants:
A number of plants like Nepenthes, Drosera, Utricularia, Darlingtonia, and Dionaea use insects and other small animals for their foods. They are also termed as insectivorous plants. They are adapted in remarkable manners to attract, catch and digest their victims. Their leaves or foliar appendages generate proteolytic enzymes for the digestion of insects. The carnivorous habit in plants is stated to be an incidental feature of their nutrition, as they possess green leaves and carry out photosynthesis.
Latest technology based Biology Online Tutoring Assistance
Tutors, at the www.tutorsglobe.com, take pledge to provide full satisfaction and assurance in Environmental Biology homework help via online tutoring. Students are getting 100% satisfaction by online tutors across the globe. Here you can get homework help for Environmental Biology, project ideas and tutorials. We provide email based Environmental Biology homework help. You can join us to ask queries 24x7 with live, experienced and qualified online tutors specialized in Environmental Biology. Through Online Tutoring, you would be able to complete your homework or assignments at your home. Tutors at the TutorsGlobe are committed to provide the best quality online tutoring assistance for Biology homework help and assignment help services. They use their experience, as they have solved thousands of the Biology assignments, which may help you to solve your complex issues of Environmental Biology. TutorsGlobe assure for the best quality compliance to your homework. Compromise with quality is not in our dictionary. If we feel that we are not able to provide the homework help as per the deadline or given instruction by the student, we refund the money of the student without any delay.
TutorsGlobe.com Electronic Configuration-Atomic Orbital Model Assignment Help-Homework Help by Online Access Chemistry Tutors
www.tutorsglobe.com offers functional group reactions in organic chemistry homework help, functional group reactions assignment help, online tutoring assistance, organic chemistry solutions by online qualified tutors help.
Critical solution temperature-Molar Volume of a Gas tutorial all along with the key concepts of Composition-temperature diagrams, Procedure, Description measuring the molar volume, Experiment summary, Data and Calculations
tutorsglobe.com externalities-open access and public goods assignment help-homework help by online intermediate microeconomics tutors
Morphology of algae tutorial all along with the key concepts of Algal Morphology, Unicellular Forms, Colonial Algae, Filamentous Forms, Heterotrichous Forms, Thalloid Forms and Polysiphonoid Forms
Molar Heat Capacities of Gases tutorial all along with the key concepts of Molar Heat Capacities of Gases, Work Done by the Expanding Gas, Molar Heat Capacities at Constant Volume and Constant Pressure, Isothermal and Adiabatic Expansion of Gases
Nuclear Reactions tutorial all along with the key concepts of Target nucleus, Kinds of Nuclear Reaction, Fission, Inelastic nuclear reaction, Transmutation, Elastic nuclear reaction, Capture, Q - Value Equation, Conventional Q-value Equation, Conservation of linear momentum
concept of competitive markets along with key concepts of perfect competition, short-run market equilibrium, market equilibrium, long-run market equilibrium and incidence, Market Equilibrium, Cost and Freight Price , answering questions of managerial economics tutors, homework help, assignment help.
tutorsglobe.com entrepreneurship assignment help-homework help by online meaning of production tutors
www.tutorsglobe.com offers organization information system homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by computer science tutors.
tutorsglobe.com laboratory diagnosis assignment help-homework help by online hepatitis b tutors
the statement depicts the forms where the wealth of the business is held and how much wealth is held in each form.
tutorsglobe.com hardy-weinberg equilibrium assignment help-homework help by online modern concept of natural selection tutors
theory and lecture notes of power in ac circuits all along with the key concepts of resistive power dissipation, instantaneous power, average power, imaginary power and power in purely inductive load. tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on power in ac circuits.
Counters tutorial all along with the key concepts of Asynchronous (Ripple) Counter, Operation of ripple counter, Mod of Counter, Frequency Division, Synchronous Counter, Controlled Synchronous Counter, Ring Counter, Mod 10 (Decade) Counter
1936126
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1485422
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!