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  Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Population genetics):

A population is stated as an assemblage of living beings presenting a closely interacting system. The population including of sexually interbreeding organisms is known as the genetic population or Mendelian population. A genetic population might be stated as “a community of similar individuals living in a limited circumscribed region at a given time and capable of interbreeding”. The genes of all individuals of such a Mendelian population will comprise the gene pool. A gene pool includes diverse forms of a gene combining and re-combining by the procedure of sexual reproduction. The frequency of genes and genotypes in a population had been worked out by the mathematical formulations.

The gene frequency terms to the proportion of an allele in the gene pool as compared with another alleles at similar locus. Therefore the gene frequency can be evaluated by subtracting the number of a particular gene in question from the total number of genes present on that locus in the population.

When the frequency of gene ‘A’ is symbolized by ‘P’ and that of gene a by ‘q’ and at gene equilibrium condition their net frequency is presented by 1, then at equilibrium

P+q = 1
or p = 1-q
or q = 1-p

A mathematical interpretation for the sharing of gene and genotype frequencies in the population was developed by R.A. Fisher (i.e., England) and Sewall Wright (i.e., United States).The basic idea is in the form of a law to understand population genetics was given by G.H. Hardy of England and W.Weinberg of Germany in the year 1908. The law proposed by them is termed as Hardy-Weinberg’s law. It is the foundation of population genetics and of current evolutionary theory. According to this law ‘the relative frequencies of different kinds of genes in a large and randomly mating sexual population tend to stay constant from generation to generation in the absence of mutation, choice and gene flow or migration.

This law concerns a theoretical condition for a population not under- going any evolutionary change. Therefore according to the law the normal mendelian genic frequencies are maintained under certain situations only. When such circumstances are not followed, the gene frequency will change leading to deviations and cause variations, this variation will be the sources for future evolution.

 

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