Introduction to cytology:

Cytology is a study of cells as essential units of living things. Earliest stage of cytology started with English scientist Robert Hooke's microscopic investigations of cork in the year 1665. He experimented dead cork cells and introduce the term cell to explain them. In 19th century two Germans, botanist Matthias Schleiden (in 1838) and biologist Theodor Schwann (in 1839), were among first to evidently state that cells are essential particles of both plants and animals. This pronouncement-the cell theory-was sufficiently confirmed and involved by the series of discoveries and interpretations. In 1892 German embryologist and anatomist Oscar Hertwig recommended that organismic procedures are reflections of cellular processes; he therefore established cytology as separate branch of biology.

Cytology originated as the mainly anatomical area, by using microscopes to visually study cells. Frequently it involved studying clinically important tissue at cellular level. The significant association was also with genetics, looking at chromosomes and karyotypimg.

In contrast, term cell biology was more probable to be utilized by people taking biochemical approach. Emphasis was bit more on normal cells and on physiology and biochemistry. There was link with genetics in this tradition also that is what evolved in molecular biology. Cell biology research includes both great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and protozoa, and the several specialized cells in multicellular organisms like plants, humans, and sponges.

Significance of Cell Biology:

Knowing components of cells and how cells work is essential to biological sciences. Appreciating similarities and differences between cell types is mainly important to fields of cell and molecular biology also to biomedical fields like cancer research and developmental biology. These essential similarities and differences provide the unifying theme, at times allowing principles learned from studying one cell type to be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types. Thus, research in cell biology is closely associated to biochemistry, genetics, developmental biology and molecular biology.

As cells are fundamental unit of life, study of cells, cytology, can be regarded as one of the most significant areas of biological research. Almost every day there are about new discoveries in cell biology, like cloning, embryology and cancer research.

Focusing on cell allows detailed understanding of tissues and organisms which cells compose. Few organisms have only one cell, whereas others are organized in cooperative groups with huge numbers of cells. On the whole, cell biology focuses on structure and function of the cell, from most general properties shared by all cells, to unique, highly intricate functions particular to specialized cells.

Introduction to genetics:

Genetics is a study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation in living organisms. It is usually regarded as field of biology, but it intersects often with several life sciences and is strongly connected with study of information systems.

Genetic procedures work in combination with the organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, frequently referred to as Nature versus nurture. Intra- or extra-cellular environment of the cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off.

Significance of Genetics:

In future, doctors and scientists expect to use genetic information to treat, diagnose, prevent and cure several illnesses. Genes are instructions that tell your body how to make all proteins it requires to survive and grow. By recognizing each of the proteins, scientists expect to better understand how the body works, and what is happening when it does not work properly. They hope this information will ultimately lead to more efficient medicines and treatments.

Genetics is a vital feature of daily life and of biology and biologists, and even non-biologists, must be completely exposed to it. Each and every father desires to be sure that the baby brought from the hospital is his own, and farmers wish for enhanced farm products - both plants and animals.         

These features are being further enhanced by genetic engineering which outcomes in better agricultural products. Augmented knowledge of heredity via genetics signifies increased power of control over living things.

Genetics is basically a science which mainly deals with heredity and variation and is administered by laws. The genetics history dated even earlier than Christ. Hippocrates, Aristotle Maupertuis, Lamark, Mendel and Charles Darwin are a number of eminent scientists who have added to the knowledge of Genetics.

General Physiology:

The objective of Physiology is to understand mechanisms of living - how living things work. The study of Human physiology is about how the muscles, cells and organs work mutually, how they interrelate. Physiology at times referred to as science of life, looks at living mechanisms, from molecular basis of cell function to entire included behavior of complete body. The word physiology derives from Ancient Greek physis, that means nature, origin, and logia, that mean study of.

Physiologists are everlastingly trying to find answers to main questions in single cell functions, how human populations interrelate, environment on earth; or we can say very wide range of subjects. For instance, the physiologist may learn how the particular enzyme contributes to functions of the particular cell or subcellular organelle. The physiologist may utilize simple nerve networks which are found in marine snails to reply questions about basic mechanisms of knowledge and memory. The physiologist may examine cardiovascular system of the animal to reply questions about heart attacks and other human diseases. Physiologists may learn how body becomes accustomed to temperature and environmental extremes met on earth, or zero gravity met in space flights, to study how life processes deal with such environmental stresses.

Physiologists say that physiology is the primary science for understanding about life, how to treat diseases and handling with stresses our bodies are exposed to in diverse environments. Pathophysiology looks to comprehend abnormalities which happen in human and animal diseases. Physiologists work directly with other scientists and health care professionals in looking out new methods for treating those diseases.

Significance of Physiology:

Physiology is significant as it is a foundation on which we make the knowledge of what life is, how to care for disease, and how to deal with stresses imposed on the bodies by diverse environments. Physiological studies of normal biological function give basis for understanding abnormal function seen in animal and human disease (pathophysiology) and for creating novel methods for managing those diseases (translational research). Several physiologists utilize animal models as the significant tool in the research. Having the awareness of anatomy alone can't heal disease. Physiology lets us to understand organ and how to prevent it, manage it or improve it. For instance, patients with congestive heart failure, anatomy of heart is cardiac muscles, its physiology is electrical impulses utilized to contract heart to pump blood. In CHF, heart is not able to pump blood out of it appropriately. As the compensation it begins to beat faster and turns into weaker and ineffective.

Human physiology helps to know mechanisms which work to keep human body alive and functioning, by scientific enquiry in nature of physical, mechanical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and cells of which they are made up of. Principal level of focus of physiology is at level of organs and systems within systems. Endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in reception and transmission of signals which integrate function in animals. Homeostasis is the main feature with regard to such interactions within plants and animals. Biological basis of study of physiology, integration refers to overlap of several functions of systems of human body, and its accompanied form. It is attained through communication which occurs in the range of ways, both electrical and chemical.

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