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Men respond to feminist movements in different ways, ranging from antifeminist backlash to profeminist support. Messner explains that these responses are shaped by larger social changes, meaning men do not just freely choose how to react but are influenced by shifting gender structures (Messner 2016:573). One major response is men's rights activism, which often frames feminism as a threat to men and focuses on issues like custody rights or the idea that men are now disadvantaged. Messner shows that this movement sometimes adopts a more moderate tone, but still contains "implicit anti-feminism" that appeals to men who feel their status is being challenged (Messner 2016:579). These groups can reinforce traditional gender roles and resist feminist progress, even when they claim to support equality. On the other hand, there are also profeminist men who actively support feminist goals and work to challenge sexism and violence. Messner highlights that men's anti-violence work, especially when it includes men of color, can bring more intersectional perspectives and strengthen feminist activism (Messner 2016:580). These profeminist efforts show that men can play a positive role in advancing gender equality when they align with feminist values. Overall, Messner demonstrates that men's responses are not all the same, but instead reflect a range of political positions that can either resist or support feminist change (Messner 2016:578). Word Count: 190. Need Assignment Help?