Where prnbsp ppc vrnbsp vvc and trnbsp ttc calculate values

Question

Using the van der Waals equation of state expressed in "reduced variables," namely,

(P_R + (3/V²R)) (V_R - 1/3) = 8/3 TR,

Where P_R = P/P_c, V_R = v/v_c, and T_R = T/T_c, calculate values for the following critical-point exponents: (a) δ; (b) ϒ,. From the molar internal energy for the van der Waals gas, given by

u = cT - (a/V),

(c) calculate the critical-point exponent α.