What is the role of expectations in the transition from a Presidential election to a presidency? Please answer using examples in the article below.
THE OBAMA CULT
IN JANUARY 2007 Mike Huckabee, a former governor of Arkansas, said he was running for president to revive "our national soul". He was not alone in taking an expansive view of presidential responsibilities. With the exception of Ron Paul, all the serious candidates waxed grandiloquent about their aims. John McCain said he modelled himself on Teddy Roosevelt, a man who "nourished the soul of a great nation". Hillary Clinton lamented that America had no goals, and offered to supply some.
And let us not forget the man they all sought to replace, George Bush, who promised, among other things, to "rid the world of evil". Appalled by such hubris, a libertarian scholar called Gene Healy wrote "The Cult of the Presidency", a book decrying the unrealistic expectations Americans have of their presidents. The book was written while Barack Obama's career was still on the launch pad, yet it describes with uncanny prescience the atmosphere that allowed him to soar. Mr Obama has inspired more passionate devotion than any modern American politician. People scream and faint at his rallies. Some wear T-shirts proclaiming him "The One" and noting that "Jesus was a community organiser". An editor at Newsweek described him as "above the country, above the world; he's sort of God."
He sets foreign hearts fluttering, too. A Pew poll published this week finds that 93% of Germans expect him to do the right thing in world affairs. Only 14% thought that about Mr Bush. Perhaps Mr Obama inwardly cringes at the personality cult that surrounds him. But he has hardly discouraged it. As a campaigner, he promised to "change the world", to "transform this country" and even (in front of a church full of evangelicals) to "create a Kingdom right here on earth".
As president, he keeps adding details to this ambitious wish-list. He vows to create millions of jobs, to cure cancer and to seek a world without nuclear weapons. On July 20th he promised something big (a complete overhaul of the health-care system), something improbable (to make America's college-graduation rate the highest in the world by 2020) and something no politician could plausibly accomplish (to make maths and science "cool again"). The Founding Fathers intended a more modest role for the president: to defend the country when attacked, to enforce the law, to uphold the constitution-and that was about it. But over time, the office has grown.
In 1956 Clinton Rossiter, a political scientist, wrote that Americans wanted their president to make the country rich, to take the lead on domestic policy, to respond to floods, tornadoes and rail strikes, to act as the nation's moral spokesman and to lead the free world. The occupant of the Oval Office had to be "a combination of scoutmaster, Delphic oracle, hero of the silver screen and father of the multitudes," he said. The public mood has grown more cynical since then; Watergate showed that presidents can be villains.
But Americans still want their commander-in-chief to take command. It is pointless for a modern president to plead that some things, such as the business cycle, are beyond his control. So several have sought dubious powers to meet the public's unreasonable expectations. Sometimes people notice, as when Mr Bush claimed limitless leeway to tap phones and detain suspected terrorists. But sometimes they don't.
For example, Mr Bush was blamed for the debacle of Hurricane Katrina, although responding to natural disasters is largely a local responsibility. So he pushed Congress to pass a law allowing the president to use the army to restore order after a future natural disaster, an epidemic, or under "other condition[s]", a startling expansion of federal power. Mr Obama promised to roll back Mr Bush's imperial presidency. But has he? Having slammed his predecessor for issuing "signing statements" dismissing parts of laws he had just signed, he is now doing the same thing. He vowed to close the prison at Guantánamo Bay, but this week put off for another six months any decision as to what to do with the inmates.
Meanwhile, he has embraced Mrs Clinton's curious notion that the president should be "commander-in-chief of our economy", by propping up banks, firing executives, backing car warranties and so forth. Mr Healy reckons that Mr Obama is "as dedicated to enhancing federal power as any president in 50 years." The perils of over-promising Nonsense, say his supporters. Taking over banks and car companies was a temporary measure to tackle a crisis. When the danger recedes, Mr Obama will pull back. The restructuring of General Motors, for example, is comfortably ahead of schedule. And far from lording it over Congress, the president has if anything abdicated too much responsibility to it. These are all fair points. But Mr Healy's warnings are still worth heeding.
Mr Obama is clearly not the socialist of Republican demonology, but he is trying to extend federal control over two huge chunks of the economy-energy and health care-so fast that lawmakers do not have time to read the bills before voting on them. Perhaps he is hurrying to get the job done before his polls weaken any further. In six months, his approval rating has fallen from 63% to 56% while his disapproval rating has nearly doubled, from 20% to 39%. Independent voters are having second thoughts. And his policies are less popular than he is. Support for his health-care reforms has slipped from 57% to 49% since April. All presidential candidates promise more than they can possibly deliver. This sets them up for failure.
But because the Obama cult has stoked expectations among its devotees to such unprecedented heights, he is especially likely to disappoint. Mr Healy predicts that he will end up as a failed president, and "possibly the least popular of the modern era". It is up to Mr Obama to prove him wrong.