Before 1918, approximately 54% of the wolves in the New Mexico and Arizona region were male, and 46% were female. However, cattle ranchers in this area have made a determined effort to exterminate wolves. From 1918 to the present, approximately 67% of wolves in the region are male, and 33% are female. Biologists suspect that male wolves are more likely than females to return to an area where the population has been greatly reduced.
(a) Before 1918, in a random sample of 11 wolves spotted in the region, what is the probability that 8 or more were male? What is the probability that 8 or more were female? What is the probability that fewer than 5 were female?