1. AGRICULTURAL INTERVENTION
Use the following to answer parts (a) through (e).
Consider the market for pineapples in a small island nation. The domestic demand curve (in Island Dollars) is P = 60 – 3QD and the domestic supply curve is P = 10 + 2QS.
a. What is the market equilibrium price and quantity?
PRICE CEILINGS AND FLOORS:
b. If the government, hoping to help the poor, imposes a price ceiling of $15, what will be the shortage of pineapples in the market? Graph your response.
c. What price floor would yield a surplus of 15 pineapples?
PRICE SUPPORT PROGRAMS:
d. Suppose the government price target is $42, which they plan to accomplish by use of a price support program. How many pineapples will the government have to buy with this program, and how much will the program cost the government? Graph your results, and shade the region corresponding to total government cost.
PRICE SUBSIDY PROGRAMS:
e. Suppose the government offers the pineapple producers a $10 subsidy on every unit they sell. Graph the new market supply curve. What will the new market equilibrium quantity and price be with this program? How much does this program cost the government?
f. What size of subsidy would the government need to provide to attain a target price of $27?
2. TARIFFS AND QUOTAS:
Use the following information to answer parts (a) through (d).
Consider the market for lawnmowers in a small country. The domestic demand curve is
P = 100 – (1/10) QD and the domestic supply curve is P = 10 + (1/5)QS.
a. What is the equilibrium market price and quantity, assuming no imports or exports?
b. If the government opens up the economy to outside trade, and the world price is $60, will the country be importing or exporting lawnmowers? How many lawnmowers will it import or export? Draw this on a graph.
c. Suppose the world price of lawnmowers is $60 and the government opens this market to trade while at the same it imposes a $5 tariff on each lawnmower that is imported. Given this tariff, what will the domestic demand be? Given this tariff, what will the domestic supply be? Given this tariff, what is the government revenue from the tariff? Update your graph to show all these quantities. Also mark the regions that correspond to deadweight loss, domestic consumer surplus, and domestic producer surplus when this market is open to trade and the government imposes a $5 tariff per imported unit.
d. Instead of a tariff, the government decides to impose an import quota of 30 lawnmowers. On a new graph, draw the new market supply curve given this import quota.. What’s the new equilibrium price given this import quota? How many mowers are domestic suppliers supplying given this import quota?
3. Suppose market demand for tires (in millions) is given by the equation QD = 12 - P. Tires are supplied according to the market supply equation QS = 2P.
a. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantity, consumer surplus, and producer surplus in the market for tires. Graph your results.
b. Suppose the government imposes an excise tax on tire producers of $3 per tire. How does this tax affect the supply and demand curves (write the equations for both curves)?
c. Compute the new equilibrium price and quantity given the excise tax described in part (b). On a graph show the changes in equilibrium price and quantity due to the imposition of the tax.
d. Show on a graph the new producer surplus and consumer surplus given the imposition of the excise tax described in part (b). Also show tax revenue and the deadweight loss due to the imposition of this tax.
e. Calculate the effect of the excise tax described in part (b) on the consumer and producer surplus.
f. What, if any, is the deadweight loss caused by the tax?
g. What is the government revenue when this excise tax is implemented?
h. Who bears the greater economic incidence of the tax, the consumer or the producer?
i. Assume the original supply curve is unchanged and the original equilibrium price and quantity are the values you found in part (a). But, suppose you don’t know the original demand curve: you just know the equilibrium price and quantity in the market and the original supply curve. Then, if the government imposes an excise tax of $3 per unit in this market and this results in consumers and producers sharing equally the economic incidence of this tax. From this information deduce what the original demand curve equation is. Illustrate your answer in a graph.
j. Now assume the original demand curve is unchanged and the original equilibrium price and quantity are the values you found in part (a). But, suppose you don’t know the original supply curve: you just know the equilibrium price and quantity in the market and the original demand curve. Then, if the government imposes an excise tax of $3 per unit in this market and this results in consumer tax incidence being less than producer tax incidence. From this information deduce what must be true about the slope of the supply curve relative to the slope of the demand curve. Illustrate your answer in a graph.
4. The accompanying table gives a part of the demand schedule for photo frames in the United States (assume we know that demand is linear).
Price of a 4x6-inch photo frame Quantity demanded (million)
$12 4
$10 6
$8 8
$6 10
$4 12
a. Calculate the price elasticity of demand when the price increases from $10 to $12 using a midpoint formula (Hint: according to the midpoint formula, price elasticity of demand between points (Q1, P1) and (Q2, P2) is computed as |[(Q2-Q1)(P2+P1)] / [(Q2+Q1)(P2-P1)]|).
b. What happens to the total revenue of photo frame producers when prices increase from $10 to $12?
c. Repeat exercises (a) and (b) for a price increase from $6 to $8.
d. What price should the producers of photo frames set in order to maximize total revenue?
e. Based on the answers you have obtained for the questions a-c, how can you explain your finding in part (d)?
f. Suppose the demand for photo frames increases so that 4 more photo frames are demanded at any given price. As price increases from $10 to $12 what is the new price elasticity? How does it compare to the elasticity from (a)?