Problem: How to say the following in a more concise way? In what is now considered a classic work, E. M. Jellinek (1960) is generally credited with introducing this controversial and initially popular model of addiction in the late 1930s and early 1940s (Heilig et al., 2021; Stein & Foltz, 2009). However, it is interesting to note that, as early as the latter part of the 18th century, the teachings and writings of Benjamin Rush, the surgeon general of George Washington's revolutionary armies, actually precipitated the birth of the American disease concept of alcoholism as an addiction (White, 1998). In the context of this model, addiction is viewed as a primary disease rather than being secondary to another condition (reference the discussion, earlier in this chapter, of psychological models). Jellinek's disease model was originally applied to alcoholism but has been generalized to addiction to other drugs. In conjunction with his work, Jellinek also described the progressive stages of the disease of alcoholism and the symptoms connected with each stage. These stages (prodromal, middle or crucial, and chronic) were thought to be progressive and not reversible. Consistent with this concept of irreversibility is the belief that addictive disease is chronic and incurable. Need Assignment Help?