types of stress caused by freezingthus freezing

Question

Types of Stress Caused by Freezing

Thus, freezing can cause the following kinds of stresses

1. Lowering of temperature to suboptimum thus reducing the activity of most of the common cellular proteins.
2. Dehydration caused by movement of intracellular water to intercellular space,
3. Osmotic imbalance resulting from such movement of water, and
4. Physical stress caused by ice growth and cell contraction.