1. The primary background of Likert's organization development (OD) model is:
1. Productivity and quality of work-life
2. National Training Laboratories (NTL) and T-groups
3. Strategic change
4. Participative management
2. Of the six images of managing change, the _____ and _____ images have their foundations in the field of organization theory.
1. director; coach
2. navigator; interpreter
3. caretaker; nurturer
4. interpreter; caretaker
3. Which of the following is NOT one of Barry Staw and Jerry Ross's factors that lead to escalation?
1. Project determinants
2. Psychological determinants
3. Economic determinants
4. Social determinants
4. According to Cynthia Scott and Dennis Jaffe's stages of coping with change in an organization, at the first stage of the cycle, individuals:
1. let go of the past and become more confident in their ability to deal with the future.
2. show preparedness to explore the possibilities of the new situation.
3. refuse to believe that they need to behave differently.
4. focus attention on new courses of action.
5. According to Patrick Dawson, to understand change, organizations must consider:
1. replacing old staff with new ones.
2. only the future context in which organizations are expected to function.
3. the substance of the change itself.
4. only the present context in which organizations function.