A four-jet Pelton turbine is supplied by a reservoir whose surface is at an elevation of 500 m above the nozzles of the turbine. The water flows through a single pipe 600 m long, 0.75 m diameter, with a friction coefficient f = 0.0075. Each nozzle provides a jet 75 mm diameter and the nozzle velocity coefficient KN = 0.98. The jets impinge on the buckets of the wheel at a radius of 0.65 m and are deflected (relative to the wheel) through an angle of 160°. Fluid friction within the buckets reduces the relative velocity by 15%. The blade speedjet speed ratio v 5 0.48 and the mechanical efficiency of the turbine is 98%. Calculate, using an iterative process, the loss of head in the pipeline and, hence, determine for the turbine
a. the speed of rotation;
b. the overall efficiency (based on the effective head);
c. the power output;
d. the percentage of the energy available at turbine inlet that is lost as kinetic energy at turbine exit.