1) The following passage from "The History of Mr Polly" contains a number of words which are surely beyond a 20,000-word vocabulary. They have been changed into nonsense words so that you are in the same position as an advanced student reading the book. What can you deduce from the context (including grammatical clues? about italicized words?
Slowly, argumentatively, and reluctantly, Uncle Jim waded downstream. He tried threats, he tried persuasion, he even tried a belated note of pandon; Mr Polly remained insollerable, if in secret a little perplexed as to the outcome of the situation. ‘This cold's getting to my lunner!'said Uncle Jim. ‘You want cooling. You keep out in it,' said Mr Polly. They came around the bend into a sight of Nicholson's lat, where the backwater runs down to the Potwell Mill. And there, after much furdor and several wainds, Uncle Jim made a desperate effort and struggled into the clutch of the overhanging morriers on the island, and so got out of the water, with the mil-stream between them. He emerged dripping and muddy with poldentive. ‘By Gaw!' he said. ‘I'll skin you for this!'
2) In any language you know, do these translate into one word or two?
Give example of a word in another language, whose semantic field is different from the nearest English equivalent. How do they differ in meaning, and how would the difference pose any problem for a learner (of English or the other language)?