QUESTION 1
(a) Define the following terms
i. Sustainable Development as per Manning and Dougherty (1995)
ii. Sustainable Tourism Development (STD) concept as per Butler (1993)
(b) Discuss the three main principles of Sustainable Development as per McIntyre, (1993)
(c) Ding and Pigram (1995), discusses that the WTO report recommends that tourism needs to be developed to satisfy three broad principles, identify and explain these three principles
(d) Identify any six aims that sustainable development needs to achieve
QUESTION 2
(a). Distinguish between tourism planning and tourism policy
(b). Describe the sequence of the stages that have to be followed in the planning process required for the implementation of a tourism development plan for a destination
QUESTION 3
Using a relevant area as example, describe and explain the various stages that a destination may go through as outlined by the Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) proposed by Butler (1980). Support with an appropriate diagram
QUESTION 4
It has been suggested that without long-term planning and successful management strategies, tourism impacts could destroy the foundation of the tourism sector
(i) In relation to this statement define "Socio-cultural impacts" as per Cohen (1984)
(ii) As per the above statement managing socio-cultural impacts is a critical success factor to consider in order to ensure sustainability of an area. Briefly explain the relevance of these models in relation to socio-cultural impacts in relation to host community's attitudes
a) Demonstration effect
b) Social Exchange Theory
c) Doxey's Irridex Model