1) "Name the major divisions of the nervous system, both anatomical and functional"
The central and peripheral nervous systems are the major anatomical divisions of the nervous system.
2) "Describe the functional and structural differences between gray matter and white matter structures"
Gray matter is what houses the cell bodies, axon terminals of neurons, and dendrites. Gray matter also takes up about 40% of brains space and the majority of the oxygen. The white matter contains axons that connect different parts of gray matter together. It also sends out the nerve responses throughout the neurons.
3) "Name the parts of the multipolar neuron in order of polarity"
4) "List the types of glial cells and assign each to the proper division of the nervous system, along with theirfunction(s)"
Radial glia- during migration of neurons and their axons, this guides the cell and its axon, and also guides the dendrites during embryonic development.
Schwanna cells are cells that build the myelin sheath that surround specific vertebrae actions.
Oligodendrocytesare located in the spinal cord and the brain. They also build the myelin sheath that surrounds specific vertebrae movement.
Microglia are really smalls cells that remove waste like bacteria.
Astrocytes have a variety of functions. They release chemicals back to the axon, remove waste when the neurons die, and controls the amount of blood flow to the brain.
5) Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response
6)Describe the components of the membrane that establish the resting membrane potential
7) Describe the changes that occur to the membrane that result in the action potential
8)Explain the differences between types of graded potentials
9) Categorize the major neurotransmitters by chemical type and effect
CHAPTER 13
• Relate the developmental processes of the embryonic nervous system to the adult structures
• Name the major regions of the adult nervous system
The cerebrum, the brain stem,the cerebellum, andthe diencephalon are the major regions of the adult nervous system.
• Locate regions of the cerebral cortex on the basis of anatomical landmarks common to all human brains
• Describe the regions of the spinal cord in cross-section
• List the cranial nerves in order of anatomical location and provide the central and peripheral connections
• List the spinal nerves by vertebral region and by which nerve plexus each supplies
CHAPTER 14
• Describe the components of the somatic nervous system
• Name the modalities and submodalities of the sensory systems
• Distinguish between general and special senses
• Describe regions of the central nervous system that contribute to somatic functions
• Explain the stimulus-response motor pathway
CHAPTER 15
• Describe the components of the autonomic nervous system
• Differentiate between the structures of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in the autonomic nervous system
• Name the components of a visceral reflex specific to the autonomic division to which it belongs
• Predict the response of a target effector to autonomic input on the basis of the released signaling molecule
• Describe how the central nervous system coordinates and contributes to autonomic functions
CHAPTER 16
• Describe the major sections of the neurological exam
• Outline the benefits of rapidly assessing neurological function
• Relate anatomical structures of the nervous system to specific functions
• Diagram the connections of the nervous system to the musculature and integument involved in primary sensorimotor responses
• Compare and contrast the somatic and visceral reflexes with respect to how they are assessed through the neurological exam
CHAPTER 17
• Identify the contributions of the endocrine system to homeostasis
• Discuss the chemical composition of hormones and the mechanisms of hormone action
• Summarize the site of production, regulation, and effects of the hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
• Discuss the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system
Hormones from the pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal cortex work together.
•" Explain the role of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the regulation of blood glucose"
• "Identify the hormones released by the heart, kidneys, and other organs with secondary endocrine functions"
Kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin or EPO. This is a hormone that stimulates the formation of our red blood cells. The heart produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which is what tells the kidneys to slow down on sodium reabsorption.
In turn blood volume is lowered due to the amount of water intake being decreased. The gastrointestinal tract gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin.
Gastrin stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which helps in the process of digesting food. Secretin protects the stomach and improves digestion.
The liver produces four hormones: hepcidin which blocks release of iron into the fluids, thrombopoietin, which causes and increase in blood platelets, angiotensinogen, which raises the blood pressure and insulin like growth factor-1, which aids in the development of lymphocytes.
• "Discuss several common diseases associated with endocrine system dysfunction"
Hyperthyroidism: this is when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone. This usually results in sweating and/or nervousness, rapid heart beat and weight loss.
Hypopituitarism: when the pituitary gland stop producing hormones, which can result in loss of the menstrual cycle.
Precocious puberty: abnormally early puberty, which results in sex hormones being released too early into the body of young kids.
• Discuss the embryonic development of, and the effects of aging on, the endocrine system