Problem: In this study "intelligence" refers to the cognitive abilities that enable individuals to learn, reason, and solve problems, often measured through standardized tests and IQ assessments. Theories such as Spearman's g factor suggest that a general intelligence underlies various cognitive tasks, influencing academic outcomes. For this part to explain the literature, can i take idea from this article? Please help me. Need Assignment Help?
1.1. Intelligence and academic achievement measures Intelligence has been described as a general mental capacity for reasoning, problem solving, planning, and learning quickly (Gottfredson, 1997) and represents the individual's "can do" (Gottfredson, 2002, p. 37) or "ability to do academic work" (Di Domenico & Fournier, 2015, p. 156). Previous literature has demonstrated the significance of intelligence for academic achievement, as it explains up to a quarter of the variance in academic achievement, and has suggested an average correlation of r=.50 between intelligence and academic performance ( Gustafsson and Undheim, 1996, Kuncel et al., 2004). Meta-analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have reported corrected correlations between intelligence and school grades of p=.54 for the elementary to secondary school level (N=105,185; Roth et al., 2015) and p=.21 for the postsecondary school level (N=7,820; Richardson et al., 2012).