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Guilt Children also begin to experience feelings of guilt when they are quite young. Grazyna Kochanska and her colleagues tested children at 22, 33, 45, and 56 months of age (Kochanska et al., 2002). They presented each child with an object that belonged to the experimenter, for example, a favorite stuffed animal that the experimenter had kept from her childhood or a toy she had assembled herself, and asked the child to be very careful with it. However, the objects had been rigged and fell apart as soon as the children began to handle them. According to the researchers, at 22 months, children looked guilty when the mishap occurred-they frowned, froze, or fretted. At 33 to 56 months, children expressed fewer overt negative emotions, but guilt leaked out in subtler ways, such as squirming and hanging their heads. (Right after this part of the experiment was over, the experimenter returned with an identical object that she had "fixed" so that the children would not continue to feel guilty.) More development is necessary before children can talk about guilt intelligently. In another study, researchers asked 6- and 9-year-old children to describe situations in which they had felt guilty (Graham et al., 1984). Only the 9-year-olds understood the emotion and its relation to personal responsibility. Need Assignment Help?