Problem:
Compare and contrast two major psychological theories (e.g., Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs) discussed in the text. How do these theories influence the nursing approach to patient care in mental health settings?
In comparing and contrasting the theories related to both Freud and Maslow, Freud is more rooted in the theories related to determinism. Determinism is the idea that human behavior is driven by unconscious desires and unresolved childhood conflicts. He also brought about the concept of the id, ego, and superego, as well as how these can be utilized to look at the resolution of trauma by looking into one's past (Tarzian et al., 2023). In Maslow's humanistic theory, this is more focusing on the aspirations and needs of the individual, which was coined Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which ranges from the basic physiological needs of the individual, that lay the foundation for the individual to reach the highest stage which is self-actualization (Aanstoos, 2024). His model pushes the assumption that the innate drive of individuals towards their highest level of growth is only actualized after their basic needs are met. While Freud focuses on resolving the past, Maslow emphasizes the potential of the present and the future.
With all of this being said, these have both highly influenced how nursing, as well as psychiatric nursing, has utilized these concepts to push towards a higher level of care for all individuals. With Freud, his legacy lives on in the therapeutic alliance and the recognition of defense mechanisms in how nurses interpret patient behaviors (Bailey & Pico, 2023). This includes the concept of how transference is seen in patients, as well as how patients sometimes can regress especially in times of sickness or high levels of stress. The influence Maslow had has been a bit more influential on the idea behind why we stabilize patients in our care (Toney-Butler & Thayer, 2023). This can be seen in how we interact with patients when they are having a breakdown, versus the next day when we talk to them about their future, and helping make decisions in their care. It is also how we have been able to understand that patient care is much more complicated than verbalizing to them that they need to "change their diet"; these types of commands/statements do not help unless we can understand the background influences of their underlying psychological issues. The inclusion of this level of understanding in their care, as well as our ability as a medical team to collaborate in an interprofessional manner to give them the highest level of care in all forms.
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