Question: A school psychologist is asked to evaluate a high-school student who is struggling academically but shows widely fluctuating performance depending on mood, environment, and who is giving instructions. The psychologist wants to select instruments that will allow fair comparison to peers and will ensure that administration differences do not influence the results. Which of the following options best reflects an appropriate choice of instruments based on the distinctions between standardized and nonstandardized tests? Need Assignment Help?
Question options: a) A series of informal observations conducted in different classroom settings, because they maximize ecological validity and reduce the need for controlled conditions b) An unstructured clinical interview and an open-ended writing assignment, because they allow the student to respond freely without strict testing constraints c) A standardized cognitive ability test administered with uniform procedures, because it minimizes situational variability and allows the student's scores to be compared to a normative sample d) A teacher-made quiz and a parent-constructed behavior checklist, because they can be individually tailored to the student's unique learning environment