"Domestic Goats Follow Gaze Direction and Use Social Cues in An Object Choice Task," published online in Animal Behavior in January 2005, reports how researchers "tested goats' ability to use gaze and other communicative cues given by a human in a so-called object choice situation." Tell whether each of the following focuses on data production, displaying and summarizing data, probability, or statistical inference.
a. "Across trials, food location was counterbalanced and randomly varied, with the stipulation that it was never placed in the same bucket/location for more than two consecutive trials."
b. The goat known as "Weissohr" (White Ear) successfully chose 14 out of 18 food buckets. The chance of performing this differently from the expected 9 out of 18 correct choices, if gaze direction actually does not help a goat in making its choice, is 0.031.
c. On average, when cued with gazing, the goats scored 9.6 correct bucket choices out of 18.
d. "In both conditions [Touch and Point, as opposed to Gaze] the subjects chose the correct bucket significantly more often in the experimental than in the control condition."