Problem: How can I make notes with bullet points in this paragraph? At a basic level, effects of parenting are similar across cultures. Responsive and affectionate parenting is related to positive child outcomes, and hostile, rejecting parenting is related to negative outcomes (Bradley & Corwyn, 2005; Hill et al., 2003). However, significant differences occur in one area: physical punishment. Children who are physically disciplined in countries where it is common and culturally accepted are not as anxious or aggressive as children who are physically disciplined in countries where it is rare. For example, in Kenya, India, and Italy, physical punishment is the norm and children who receive more of it do not become as aggressive or anxious as children who are punished more in China, Thailand, and the Philippines, where physical punishment is less common (Gershoff et al., 2010; Lansford et al., 2005; Figure 7.5). Apparently, if children perceive that physical punishment is widely accepted within their cultural group, being spanked does not signify rejection or unfair treatment by their parents (Rohner et al., 1996). But if they are the only ones in their neighborhood being hit, they are more likely to act out or withdraw. Need Assignment Help?