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The self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model (Vazire, 2010) may help to understand how AC ratings of personality complement traditional inventory-based personality measures. It was developed to explain which personality traits are best assessed with self-ratings vs. other-ratings. The model proposes that self- and other-ratings of personality systematically differ in (a) the information on which personality ratings are based and (b) raters' motivation to use this information (see also Vazire & Carlson, 2010, 2011). Concerning informational differences, the level of observability of different personality traits plays a key role (see also Paunonen, 1989; Watson et al., 2000). Observability refers to how visible a given trait is from the outside. The SOKA model suggests that self-ratings are particularly suited to tap into traits that describe internal processes and that require self-insight (e.g., Emotional Stability being measured with items such as "I seldom feel blue"; Goldberg, 1992). This is because the individual alone has direct access to information about their thoughts and feelings (John & Robins, 1993; Vazire & Carlson, 2010). Traits that are less visible (e.g., manifesting in internal behaviors such as rumination) are more difficult to be judged by others because these traits must typically be inferred from ambiguous cues (when the target person seems exhausted or distracted; see also Funder, 1995). Need Assignment Help?