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Development of ethnic identity
Ethnic identity emerges gradually over childhood and adolescence. Even in infancy, 3-month-old babies look longer at faces of their own race than faces of other races (Kelly et al., 2005). By 9 months, they associate positive emotions with same race faces while linking negative emotions with faces of other races (Xiao et al., 2017). Preschoolers have been shown to have implicit racial biases (Banaji & Greenwald, 2006, 2013; Qian et al., 2016). For example, when presented with a racially ambiguous face displaying positive or negative emotion, preschoolers, like adults, categorized the face with positive emotion as own-race, but the same face with negative emotion as other-race (Xiao et al., 2015). Preschool children are aware of cues to race and ethnicity such as skin color and also prefer to play with children from their own group (Rubin et al., 2015). Minority-group children reach this awareness and preference earlier than children from the majority group (Milner, 1983). Need Assignment Help?