Complete the mcq:
Models of Criminal Justice
TRUE/FALSE
1. The day-to-day administration of justice is less complex than the formal machinery of the justice system.
2. Walker proposes that most crime control ideas are based on false assumptions about how the CJS works.
3. Walker suggests that most of the time, the system operates in a chaotic and arbitrary manner.
4. Neither version of the New Cynicism adequately explains how the justice system handles routine cases on a day-to-day basis.
5. The Crime Commission's model takes a systems approach to the administration of criminal justice.
6. The wedding cake model highlights significant differences in case processing within each layer and consistent patterns in case processing between layers.
7. Celebrated cases distort public perceptions about criminal justice.
8. The majority of cases are celebrated cases that involve the full criminal process including the criminal trial
9. The defining factor that makes a case celebrated is a celebrity offender.
10. The factor that differentiates second and third layer felonies is the frequency with which the courtroom workgroup sees cases in the different layers as are similar in other ways.
11. Data provided on stranger and non-stranger rape cases supported Walker's argument regarding the impact of the victim/offender relationship on case processing, but data provided on stranger and non-stranger robbery cases did not support Walker's argument.
12. Data on career-criminal prosecution programs show that they are less effective than was hoped, because these offenses were already being treated seriously.
13. Based on lower court research, Walker concludes that lower courts are very different from the upper courts, but there are significant differences between courts in different jurisdictions
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Walker argues that the American CJS is so complex, because
a. it is based on English common law, but we have added our own statutory laws piecemeal over time to fill in the gaps
b. of our capitalist economy and democratic political system
c. it is made up of one federal and 50 state systems with their own substantive and procedural rules
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
2. The administration of criminal justice may seem chaotic due to the extensive ___________ of CJ practitioners.
a. jurisdiction c. caseload
b. discretion d. cynicism
3. The ____(1)______ is the civics-book picture of justice while the ____(2)______ portrays a chaotic CJS.
a. (1) old idealism (2) new cynicism c. (1) new cynicism (2) old idealism
b. (1) liberal idealism (2) conservative idealism d. (1) liberal cynicism (2) conservative cynicism
4. Select the most accurate statement
a. old idealists provide a description of the day-to-day handling of routine cases that is closer to reality than the new cynics' description
b. conservative cynics provide a description of the day-to-day handling of routine cases that is closer to reality than the liberal cynics' description
c. new cynics see irrational decision making undermining effective crime control while old idealists believe chaos of the system produces systematic discrimination
d. conservative cynics see irrational decision making undermining effective crime control while liberal cynics believe chaos of the system produces systematic discrimination
5. Walker uses which of the following terms to describe the routine handling of cases on a day-to-day basis?
a. chaotic and discriminatory c. consistent and predictable
b. chaotic and arbitrary d. inconsistent and unpredictable
6. Walker argues that the problem is that our system is
a. too lenient c. both too lenient and too severe
b. too severe d. neither too lenient or too severe
7. The Crime Commission's Model
a. emphasizes significant differences between types of cases and the consistent disposition of cases within each category
b. emphasizes the interrelationships among agencies and the ways decisions at one point in the system affect decisions at other points
c. is a visual representation of the consistency and predictability of the system
d. is a visual representation of the chaos and unpredictability of the system
8. The major limitation of the Crime Commission's model that the wedding cake model addresses is
a. the way decisions at one point in the system affect decisions at other points
b. the need to have a clear and concise graphic to communicate the function of the model
c. the systematic mistreatment of racial and ethnic minorities in CJ case processing
d. the consistent pattern in which similar cases are disposed of and the significant differences between types of cases
9. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the type of cases within each layer of the wedding cake?
a. the largest layer of the cake contains serious felonies, because these are the most frequently occurring cases in the CJS
b. the top layer contains celebrated cases, the second layer contains serious felonies, the third layer contains less serious felonies and the bottom layer contains misdemeanors
c. although celebrated cases make up the top and smallest layer of the cake, they are examples of the typical cases handled routinely by the CJS on a day-to-day basis
d. the top layer contains celebrated cases, the second layer contains less serious felonies, the third layer contains serious felonies and the bottom layer contains misdemeanors
10. What characteristics do cases in the top layer of the wedding cake share?
a. they are all serious felonies committed with a weapon and resulting in injury to the victim
b. they are part of the largest volume of cases and are not considered worth much to the courtroom workgroup
c. these are all cases where a prior relationship exists between the victim and the offender
d. they involve a famous person, a gruesome crime or result in landmark Supreme Court rulings
11. What impact do celebrated cases have on public perceptions?
a. educational, because they teach the public about routine case processing by the CJS
b. sentimental, because the public feels badly for the poor and minority offenders thrust in front of television cameras on a regular basis
c. distorted, because people mistakenly assume they are typical of all cases when they are not
d. none, because the public realize that these are atypical cases and that is what makes them newsworthy
12. One of the unique elements of criminal justice case processing that is more often present in celebrated cases than other cases is
a. a trial c. a plea bargain
b. a public defender d. a conviction
13. Criminal justice officials use ALL BUT WHICH of the following criteria to determine the seriousness of a crime
a. the nature of the crime c. injury to the offender
b. the use of a weapon d. the relationship between victim and suspect
14. The factors that criminal justice officials consistently use to classify cases include which of the following?
a. the race and class of the victim and the offender
b. the relationship between victim and offender and the suspect's prior record
c. the number of cases on the docket and the offender's remorse
d. none, criminal justice officials do not handle cases consistently or predictably
15. Judgments made by the courtroom workgroup regarding second layer cases
a. are based on shared definitions of seriousness that promote consistent processing
b. are more likely than other types of cases to be based on extralegal factors
c. highlight the discretion and lack of predictability among American courtroom workgroups
d. are made uniformly using charging guidelines that limit discretion
16. Parolees being sent back to prison for violations of the terms of their parole supervision is called
a. front-load sentencing c. upfront sentencing
b. back-end sentencing d. up-ending
17. Offenders who have committed a serious crime against a stranger and have a long prior record are likely to have ALL BUT WHICH of the following occur
a. prosecuted on the top charge c. convicted
b. given a severe sanction d. provided counsel
18. Third layer cases differ from second layer cases in that
a. third layer cases are more likely to be dismissed or plead down
b. there are more celebrities in second than third layer cases
c. there are more second than third layer cases
d. there are no differences between third and second layer cases
19. The liberation hypothesis refers to the liberation of
a. misdemeanor cases from the requirement of attorneys and trials
b. prosecutors and judges from conventional shared understandings of seriousness
c. prosecutors and judges from requirements of procedural law
d. modern courtroom workgroups from age old traditions
20. One of the consequences of the liberation hypothesis is
a. only celebrities enjoy this liberation since this is more likely to occur in celebrated cases
b. few cases are decided based on extralegal factors since this is more likely to occur in second layer cases
c. a large number of cases may be decided based on extralegal factors since this is more likely to occur in third layer cases
d. a large number of misdemeanor cases may be decided based on extralegal factors since this is more likely to occur in fourth layer cases
21. What would happen if prior relationship was eliminated as a decision-making factor in case processing?
a. the courtroom workgroup would be liberated from shared understandings of seriousness and would be more likely to rely on extralegal factors in case processing decisions
b. case processing time would increase in second layer cases, but it would decrease in third layer cases
c. a large number of cases would move from the third to the second layer of the wedding cake thereby increasing the overall punitiveness of the justice system
d. the only cases that would be affected would be cases in the fourth layer, but due to such a large number of cases there is a risk that the system would be overburdened
22. The conclusion drawn from research on career-criminal prosecution programs like the San Diego Major Violator Unit was that
a. getting tough does not work if leniency is not the source of the problem
b. getting tough increased the deterrent effect, because career criminals were previously treated leniently
c. liberating the courtroom workgroup from traditional expectations moved more career criminal cases from the third layer to the fourth layer of the wedding cake
d. these programs convinced the public that cases of career-criminals should be treated like celebrated cases
23. Regarding fourth layer cases, we are reminded that
a. the largest number of cases in American courts are serious acts of violence committed by chronic offenders against strangers
b. the largest number of cases in American courts are misdemeanors
c. a large number of cases in American courts are decided based on extralegal factors since the courtroom workgroup is liberated from shared understandings of seriousness
d. a large number of cases has not caused the American court system to collapse, but rather each misdemeanor defendant as an attorney and a full trial
24. A study of lower courts in New Haven, CT revealed that
a. jury trials were very popular
b. there were not enough cases from which to ascertain any trends
c. contrary to expectation, defendants were not arraigned en masse or given light sentences
d. due to a large volume of cases and relative lack of seriousness, the formalities of felony process typical in second layer cases is rarely
Deter the Criminals
TRUE/FALSE
1. Liberals typically favor deterrence-oriented policies because they favor prevention.
2. Scared Straight programs are designed to deter by provoking fear in order to make crime seem more costly than beneficial to juveniles.
3. The "pulling levers" strategy has been shown to be effective in deterring crime because it is focused on select targets.
4. The fatalistic offender assumes that they will escape arrest and reap the rewards that crime has to offer.
5. An analysis of Rand Inmate Survey data revealed that the inmates acted rationally in calculating the costs and benefits of crime.
6. To this date, Ehrlich's is the only high quality death penalty research that proves the death penalty deters murder.
7. Walker proposes that the death penalty does not deter crime.
8. The typical victim in an alcohol-related crash is the drunk driver who has no criminal justice record of drunk driving.
9. Crackdowns are an effective strategy that deters drunk driving for a long period of time.
10. Walker credits much of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate to social policies rather than criminal justice policies.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The theory of deterrence
a. is the oldest criminal justice theory on record
b. is one of the youngest criminal justice theories on record
c. is simple but its application to actual practice is complex
d. is complex in its requirements but simple to practice
2. It is important to distinguish between
a. the costs and benefits of deterrence based policies in the criminal justice system
b. the deterrent effect of the criminal law and the effect of other social institutions
c. ineffective traditional forms of deterrence and effective modern forms of deterrence
d. the deterrent effect and the effects of prevention-based criminal justice policies
3. The theory of deterrence rests on a number of assumptions including
a. severity of punishment is more important than its certainty
b. the notion that the CJS is the only institution able to promote deterrence
c. the use of UCR data to communicate risk of apprehension to potential offenders
d. people have to perceive consequences as unpleasant and act rationally
4. _____(1)_____ deterrence is directed at individual offenders while _____(2)_____ deterrence is directed at society as a whole
a. (1) specific (2) general c. (1) absolute (2) marginal
b. (1) general (2) specific d. (1) marginal (2) absolute
5. This deterrence type looks at macro-level changes in public policy designed to increase the risk of apprehension
a. perceptual
b. structural
c. marginal
d. general
6. One of the reasons for being skeptical about how effectively deterrence-oriented policies are translated into practice is that
a. these policies are interpreted differently by police than they are by the courts
b. they are typically avoided by liberal courtroom work groups
c. we haven't had the funding to implement these policies as intended
d. the social stigma attached to crime commission is lost given frequent arrests of African American males
7. Evaluations of Scared Straight programs revealed that
a. they were not implemented as intended
b. none of them reduced crime and some had adverse outcomes
c. they were not cost-effective
d. they deterred more chronic offenders than first-time offenders
8. Programs known as __________ exposed juveniles to prison conditions in order to provide direct evidence of the unpleasant consequences of criminal behavior.
a. Brutalization Experience c. Scared Straight
b. Magic Bullet d. Diversion
9. Official data shows that _____% of all Index crimes are reported to police..
a. 20 c. 50
b. 87 d. 37
10. Reasons provided to explain why offenders commit crime when they assess the bad consequences include ALL BUT WHICH of the following
a. offenders consistently underestimate financial rewards of crime
b. offenders act impulsively
c. offenders perceive no legitimate or meaningful work opportunities
d. offenders overestimate the immediate, short-term gains
11. The most promising POP initiative in the 1990s which was replicated in other locations was
a. Chicago Area Project
b. Zero tolerance in New York
c. Boston Gun Project
d. Los Angeles Rampart - C.R.A.S.H.
12. The pulling levers strategy focuses on
a. all potential offenders of property and violent crimes
b. offenders and associates known to police
c. offenders in prison who committed a gun-related crime
d. offenders who are sex offenders
13. The key elements of "pulling levers" that demonstrate how it is a focused application of deterrence include ALL BUT WHICH of the following
a. a focus on a select target group
b. a message that includes both deterrent and rehabilitative components
c. delivering on the threats and promises made
d. relying on the perceptions of people in the community
14. The following U.S. Supreme Court case held that the death penalty as applied was arbitrary and capricious and as such unconstitutional
a. Shall v. Martin
b. Furman v. Georgia
c. Gregg v. Georgia
d. Ring v. Arizona
15. The following U.S. Supreme Court case reinstituted the death penalty where there were guidelines to control its application
a. Shall v. Martin
b. Furman v. Georgia
c. Gregg v. Georgia
d. Ring v. Arizona
16. Sellin's comparative research showed that
a. homicide rates increased in states when they abolished their death penalty and decreased when it was reinstated
b. each execution deterred seven or eight murders
c. states with the death penalty did not have lower crime rates than states that did not have the death penalty
d. homicides decreased in the months following an execution
17. Ehrlich's research purported to prove that
a. each execution deterred seven or eight murders
b. each execution contributed to an additional seven or eight murders
c. each execution deterred 17 or 18 murders
d. each execution contributed to an additional 17 or 18 murders
18. Critics of Ehrlich's death penalty research assert that his formula
a. does not control of the variables that affect the murder rate
b. explains trends between the 1930s and 1960s but does not explain trends between the 1980s and 1990s
c. does not explain trends between the 1930s and 1960s when executions declined while the crime rate declined or remained stable
d. cannot explain trends during the moratorium on the death penalty from 1972-1976
19. The most recent and most comprehensive review of the research has shown
a. the death penalty has a strong deterrence effect on crime
b. the death penalty has moral and constitutional properties
c. there is a lack of consensus on the deterrent effect of the death penalty
d. the death penalty affects the murder rate
20. Advocates of the death penalty claim that the __________ element of deterrence is undermined as a result of the appeals process.
a. rationality c. speed
b. severity d. perception
21. Many death penalty cases are vacated through ALL BUT WHICH of the following means
a. clemency
b. appeal
c. death by natural causes
d. suicide
22. Project Innocence has exonerated more than 200 convicted offenders primarily due to
a. DNA technology
b. eyewitness testimony
c. police investigation
d. suspect intimidation
23. Current data indicate that
a. 32% of all traffic fatalities are caused by impaired drunk drivers
b. 32% of all traffic fatalities are alcohol related
c. 32,000 people are killed each year by drunk drivers
d. 32% of drivers who have consumed alcohol are impaired by it
24. Select the drunk driving myth from the following list
a. people with a serious drinking problem and many arrests frequently beat the system
b. alcohol related does not mean alcohol was the cause of the accident
c. most drivers killed in alcohol-related crashes do not have a history of drunk driving
d. the criminal justice system is tough on drunk drivers
25. The reality of driving after drinking is that
a. it is limited to a few dangerous people
b. innocent bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol-related crashes
c. a small number of people with serious drinking problems and many arrests are responsible for the majority of alcohol-related fatalities
d. drinking and driving is a routine part of a society where driving is universal and drinking is an acceptable social custom
26. It is a myth to think that innocent drivers or bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol related crashes when faced with evidence from the chapter that
a. 68% of people killed have at least three prior drunk driving arrests
b. 68% of people killed are drivers in other cars, some of whom were impaired by alcohol
c. 68% of people killed are the drunk drivers themselves
d. innocent drivers or bystanders are the typical victims of alcohol related crashes
27. Among the myths concerning drunk driving is
a. that those with serious drinking problems beat the system
b. a grossly exaggerated bi-annual number of deaths due to drunk driving
c. innocent drivers and bystanders are typically the victims of alcohol-related crashes
d. all of the above
28. There are several reasons for thinking that tougher punishment is likely to work with drunk driving, including the fact that
a. the certainty requirement is already being met so a more severe punishment will strengthen the deterrent effect
b. the drunk driver meets all of the assumptions set forth in the theory of deterrence
c. people who drink and drive have a stake in society and feel threatened by the stigma of arrest
d. a & c
29. The Road Safety Act in England demonstrated
a. initial deterrence decay as there was a decline in traffic fatalities and injuries upon implementation of the law that increased over time
b. a deterrence program based in fear that has a zero-tolerance policy for any traffic infraction
c. the failure of interlock breathalyzer systems in cars
d. how access to public transportation reduces drinking and driving
30. The announcement effect may change the behavior of
a. the public, but not the police c. the police, but not the public
b. the public and the police d. neither the public or the police
31. One of the main problems with drunk driving crackdowns is that
a. they require long-term behavior change
b. they are unconstitutional
c. the risk of arrest is extremely low
d. people avoid them by taking side streets
32. One of the factors undermining the deterrent effect of a crackdown on drunk driving cases in court is that
a. the punishment is delayed so the speedy element of deterrence goes unmet
b. offenders do not perceive the consequences as unpleasant
c. crackdowns reduce the specific deterrent while increasing the general deterrent
d. mandatory sentences may be evaded
33. Data on evasion of the law in drunk driving cases shows that
a. it is more common among prosecutors than judges
b. evasions may be deliberate or unintentional
c. evasion of drunk driving laws is universal
d. evasion does not occur
34. Traffic fatality trends reveal that
a. the motor vehicle death rate has declined since 1927 including a 50% decline since 1980
b. crackdowns are credited with 50% of the decline in the motor vehicle death rate
c. the motor vehicle death rate has declined but drunk drivers have switched to motorcycles
d. the motor vehicle death rate has increased dramatically since the 1980s
35. Explanations for the trends in motor vehicle death rates include
a. safer cars
b. changing attitudes and behavior due to socialization
c. limited driving privileges for teens and raising the legal drinking age to 21
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
36. Walker proposes that
a. crackdowns and tougher penalties are the most effective means for reducing drunk driving and traffic fatalities
b. criminal law strategies have more promise for reducing drunk driving and traffic fatalities
c. a combination of criminal law and alternative strategies can effectively reduce drunk driving and traffic fatalities
d. drunk driving and fatalities cannot be reduced