Decide whether each scenario would lead to upward or downward pressure on the equilibrium price for each good in bold font.
1. The Nile River floods this year add an exceptional amount of silt to the soil, resulting in increased crops of cotton.
2. An outbreak of mad cow disease causes Americans to abstain from eating beef.
3. Extreme weather in New York, where the Super Bowl is scheduled to be played, makes people disinterested in purchasing Super Bowl tickets.
4. An impending unclear holocaust causes people to stock up on twonkies, a popular snack cake provided by many companies.