Problem
Answer the following questions using the IRAC method, and with reference to relevant case authorities, where appropriate.
I. Bob entered into a written contract to purchase a secondhand iPhone from a mobile phone shop that the shopkeeper describes as an iPhone 12. Bob paid $750 for this. After Bob brought it home, he realized it was, in fact, an iPhone 10, and therefore, that should have only cost $500 secondhand. The written contract is a simple one that simply states iPhone on it with no reference to the model. What remedies are open to Bob?
II. Francis is a kindergarten school boy playing at the school playground during lunch time. Francis climbs up a ladder on the playground which was quite rusty. The rung he was on then broke off resulting in him falling and sustaining serious injuries. The school usually has a teacher supervising playground activity but was short on staff and so no one was on duty during the time Francis was playing. Advise Francis' parents on their remedies in tort law against the school.
III. Saluman purchases a large plot of land in the middle of a nice valley. On viewing the plot of land, he sees the following:
i. A large white tower
ii. A herd of goats
iii. A large cache of medieval weapons
He assumes these would come with his purchase of the land. However, the previous owner who sold the land to him appears to want to take these with him. Advise Saluman as to his rights, with reference to relevant case authorities.
IV. Saluman decides to live in the tower in his plot of land but realises that there are lots of eagles flying ahead daily from the nearby zoo. The eagles screech loudly as they pass ahead. Separately, there is also a lot of construction work going on nearby from a company Orks Incorporated. Orks Incorporated intend to dig underneath Saluman's land as they believe there is gold there. Advise Saluman as to his rights against these incursions to his land, with reference to relevant case authorities.