1. Calculate the critical heat flux on a large horizontal sur- face for the following fluids at 1 atm: mercury, ethanol, and refrigerant R-134a. Compare these results to the critical heat flux for water at 1 atm.
2. Water at atmospheric pressure boils on the surface of a large horizontal copper tube. The heat flux is 90% of the critical value. The tube surface is initially scored; however, over time the effects of scoring diminish and the boiling eventually exhibits behavior similar to that associated with a polished surface. Determine the tube surface temperature immediately after installation and after prolonged service.
3. The bottom of a copper pan, 150 mm in diameter, is maintained at 115°C by the heating element of an elec- tric range. Estimate the power required to boil the water in this pan. Determine the evaporation rate. What is the ratio of the surface heat flux to the critical heat flux? What pan temperature is required to achieve the critical heat flux?